3.01 Organic Chemistry Introduction

• Define empirical formula.


  Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
• Define molecular formula


  Gives the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule
• Define displayed formula


  Shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
• Define structural formula


  Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
• Define skeletal formula


  Drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. C atoms are not drawn, assumed each atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H
• what is the suffix for no double bonds?

  -ane
• What is the suffix for at least one double bond?

  -ene
• What is the suffix for an alcohol?

  -ol
• What is the suffix for an aldehyde?


  -al
• What is the suffix for a ketone?


  -one
• What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

  -oic acid
• Define structural isomerism


  When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
• What is positional isomerism?

  Functional group is attached to the main chain at a different place
• What is functional group isomerism?

  Same atoms but a different functional group due to a different arrangement of atoms
• What is chain isomerism?

  Hydrocarbon chain organised differently e.g branched chains
• Define stereoisomerism


  When molecules have the same structural and molecular formula, but have different arrangement of atoms in space
• What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?

  • Caused by the limited rotation around C=C double bonds
  • If the two substituents with the highest atomic number are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z isomer
  • If they are on different sides, it is the E isomer