Retrieval failure

• What is retrieval failure an explanation for?

  Forgetting
• What does retrieval failure suggest about memory?

  Memory is available but not accessible
• What can hinder retrieval cues when learning complex information?

  Complexity of the information itself
• What is the relationship between cue and retrieval according to Nairne (2002)?

  Correlational, not causal
• What must a cue be for it to be effective according to Baddeley (1997)?


  Encoded in memory
• What does the Encoding Specificity Principle suggest about memory retrieval?

  Information present at encoding aids retrieval
• What did Tulving and Thomson (1973) find about memory retrieval?

  Closer cues improve retrieval effectiveness
• What was the recall percentage for participants in free recall condition in Tulving and Pearlstone (1966)?

  40%
• What was the recall percentage for participants in cued recall condition in Tulving and Pearlstone (1966)?

  60%
• What did Tulving and Psotka (1971) demonstrate about interference effects?

  They are due to absence of cues
• What did the results of Tulving and Psotka's study indicate about retrieval failure?

  Information is available but inaccessible
• What does context-dependent forgetting suggest about recall?

  Recall is better in the same context
• What was the aim of Godden and Baddeley's (1975) study?

  To test recall in same vs different environments
• How were participants divided in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Into four groups based on learning conditions
• What were the results for Groups 1 and 3 in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  They recalled 40% more words
• What does state-dependent forgetting indicate?

  Mental state affects recall ability
• What did Goodwin et al (1969) investigate?

  Word recall while sober or drunk
• What did Abernethy (1940) study regarding classroom conditions?

  Effects of room and instructor on performance
• In which condition did students perform best in Abernethy's study?

  Usual room with usual instructor
• What does the research on retrieval failure suggest about studying?

  Revising in the exam room may help
• What did Smith (1979) find about mental reinstatement?

  It is as effective as being in the room
• What are the implications of retrieval failure research?

  • Supports the importance of cues in memory
  • Suggests practical applications in education
  • Highlights the relevance to everyday life
• What are the key concepts related to forgetting in psychology?

  • Retrieval Failure
  • Interference
  • Context-Dependent Forgetting
  • State-Dependent Forgetting
• What are the factors affecting memory retrieval?

  • Context during learning and recall
  • Mental state during learning and recall
  • Presence of effective retrieval cues
• How can students improve their memory for exams?

  • Revise in the exam room
  • Use mental reinstatement techniques
  • Create effective retrieval cues