Cells

• What is magnification?


  How many times someting is enlarged
• What is resolution?


  The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object
• What is the equation used when using microscopes?

  Magnification=image size/actual size (IAM)
• How many micrometers are in a millimeter?

  1000
• What organelles are found in animal cells?

  Nucleus (made up of the nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope and pores), plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.
• What organelles are found in a plant cell?

  Nucleus (made up of the nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope and pores), chloroplast, cell wall, plasma membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum.
• What does prokaryotic mean?

  No nucleus
• What does eukaryotic mean?

  Has a nucleus
• Are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?


  Eukaryotic
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules which allows it to respond to chemicals, like hormones.
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Controls cell activity through transcription of DNA. The nucleus contains chromosomes. Pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• What is the function of the mitochondria?

  Where aerobic respiration happens and ATP is produced. It's an oval/rod-shaped organelle that has an inner membrane. The inner membrane of the mitocondria is folded to form structures called critae.
• What is the function of a chloroplast?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes. Vesicles store lipids and proteins.
• What is the function of a lysosome?

  They contain lysozymes (digestive enzymes) used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell wall. They have no internal structure.
• What is the function of a ribosome?

  Made up of RNA, where proteins are made. They have no membrane and either float free in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER.
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  Processes proteins produced in the ribosome.
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  Synthesises and processes lipids
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  It supports the cell and prevents a change in shape. It's only found in plants, algae and fungi. In fungi, cell walls are made of chitin.
• What is the function of the vacuole?

  It helps to maintain pressure and isolates unwanted chemicals.
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  The nucleolus surrounded by the nucleoplasm with the nuclear envelope surrounding which has nuclear pores In it.
• What is the structure of the mitochondria?

  Double membraned structure where the inner membrane is highly folded into Cristae to increase inner surface area.
• What is the structure of the chloroplast?

  2 membranes which enclose the storma where grana which are stacks of thylakoids is found.
• What is the structure of Golgi apparatus?

  A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs.
• What is the structure of a lysosome?

  A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure
• What is the structure of ribosomes?

  Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules
• What is the structure of the rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  3D system of sheet-like membranes, spreading through the cytoplasm (RER has ribosomes on its surface)
• What is the structure of the cell wall?

  No membrane, Carbohydrate (cellulose) fibers in a carbohydrate or protein matrix
• What is the structure of the vacuole?

  Fluid filled membrane sac. In a plant the membrane is called the tonoplast.
• Why do eukaryotic cells become specialised in multicellular organisms?

  For specific functions
• How are specialised cells organised?

  tissues, tissues into organs and organs into systems
• What is a tissue?

  A group of similar cells that act together to perform a specific function.
• What is an organ?

  A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together to perform a particular function.
• What are examples of tissues?

  -Epithelial tissues

  -Xylem
• What are examples of organs?

  heart, liver, lungs, and brain
• What are examples of organ systems?

  digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system
• What are the 3 types of microscopes?

  light, scanning electron, transmission electron
• Light microscope principles and limitations

  Uses light, can be used on living cells, lower resolution, max mag: x1500, max resolution: 200nm.