Cardiology

• What heart sound is classically seen in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?S4 !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::Cardiomyopathy::HypertrophicObstructive
• "If cardiac arrest is NOT witnessed, and the rhythm is shockable, give 1 shock followed by 2min of CPR" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::CardiacArrest
• "If cardiac arrest is witnessed (coronary care unit), and the rhythm is shockable, give up to 3 quick successive (stacked) shock followed by 2min of CPR" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::CardiacArrest
• Anticoagulation should be given lifelong after AF even if reverted to normal sinus rhythm (depends on CHADS-VASC score too) !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::Arrhythmias::AtrialFibrillation
• Pulmonary stenosis loudest on inspiration !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::HeartMurmurs
• Aortic stenosis loudest on expiration !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::HeartMurmurs
• In advanced life support drug delivery should be done through IV access (first-line) !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• In advanced life support drug delivery should be done through IO (intraosseous) route (second-line) if IV access cannot be achieved !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• For non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline 1mg should be given as soon as possible !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• For shockable (VF/VT cardiac arrest) rhythms, adrenaline 1mg should be given once chest compressions have restarted after the third shock !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• In advanced life support repeate adrenaline 1mg should be given every 3-5 minutes whilst ALS continues !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• "Amiodarone 300 mg should be given to patients who are in VF/pulseless VT after 3 shocks have been administered" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::LifeSupport
• "What are the main 2 causes of aortic stenosis:Age-related degenerative calcification = leading cause in older patients > 60Bicuspid aortic valve = leading cause in younger patients<span style=""font...
• An aortic dissection is defined as a tear in the tunica intima of the aorta !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• Stanford classification of Aortic Dissection:Type A - Ascending aortaType B - Descending aorta ⅔ of cases are type A⅓ of cases are type B !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• "DeBakey classification of Aortic Dissection:Type 1 originates in the ascending aorta and extends to the aortic arch and possibly further" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• "DeBakey classification of Aortic Dissection:Type 2 originates in and is limited to the ascending aorta" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• "DeBakey classification of Aortic Dissection:Type 3 originates in the descending aorta and extends distally" Will rarely extend proximally !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• Sudden onset of severe tearing chest and/or upper back, or stomach pain with weak pulses is most likely what?Aortic Dissection Pain can radiate from the chest to the back where it may be described as interscapularAdditional Symptoms:Loss of consciousnessSoBStroke symptoms !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AorticDissection
• Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of conditions caused by sudden decrease in blood flow to the heart- STEMI- NSTEMI- Unstable angina !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• Elevated troponin levels points towards NSTEMINormal troponin levels points towards unstable angina !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::NSTEMI/UnstableAngina
• "Non-modifiable risk factors for ischaemic heart disease include age, male, and family history" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• "Modifiable risk factors for ischaemic heart disease include smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, & low physical activity" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• Acute coronary syndrome presents with central/left-sided chest pain which radiates to the jaw or both arms Textbook definition is pain radiating to the left arm, however, pain radiating to both arms is more predictive of an MI !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• What demographics may NOT present with chest pain for ACS?Elderly & diabetic patients Silent MIThese patients may present with shoulder discomfort, SoB and tiredness !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• How are basic obs (BP, HR, temp, O2 sats) altered in ACS?Generally normal !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• What respiratory symptom can present in ACS?Dyspnoea !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• What gastrointestinal symptom can present in ACS?Nausea & vomiting !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• What are the initial investigations for a patient presenting with ACS/chest pain?ECG & troponin (biomarker of cardiac injury) !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome
• Which artery is associated with anterior myocardial infarction?Left anterior descending (LAD) artery "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which artery is associated with lateral myocardial infarction?Left circumflex artery "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which artery is associated with inferior myocardial infarction?Right coronary artery "assuming right-dominant circulation where the posterior descending artery PDA arises off the right coronary artery[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which artery is associated with posterior myocardial infarction?Posterior descending artery "assuming right-dominant circulation where the posterior descending artery PDA arises off the right coronary artery[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which ECG changes are associated with an anterior myocardial infarction?V1-V4 "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which ECG changes are associated with a lateral myocardial infarction?I, aVL, V5-V6 "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which ECG changes are associated with an inferior myocardial infarction?II, III, aVF "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which ECG changes are associated with a posterior myocardial infarction?V7-V9 "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which area is affected in leads V1-V4?Anterior MI "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which area is affected in leads I, aVL, V5-V6?Lateral MI "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI
• Which area is affected in leads II, III, aVF?Inferior MI "[Credit: Spranki gathered from multiple resources]" !SprankiClinical::Cardiovascular::AcuteCoronarySyndrome::STEMI