Stages of Learning

• What is the primary characteristic of the autonomous stage of learning?

  Motor programmes are completely formed
• How does performance in the autonomous stage of learning differ from earlier stages?

  Performance is almost automatic and requires no thought
• What advantage does a performer have in the autonomous stage regarding attention?

  They can focus on tactics and strategy
• What does fluent and efficient performance indicate in the autonomous stage?

  Movements are smooth and well-coordinated
• What happens to motor programmes in the autonomous stage?

  They become habitual and overlearned
• How does kinaesthetic feedback develop in the autonomous stage?

  It allows self-correction with less external feedback
• What might cause a performer to return to the associative stage?

  Need for continued practice to maintain skills
• What does the term 'habitual' refer to in performance?

  • Performance done consistently
  • Performance done regularly
• What is the main focus during the associative stage of learning?

  Matching mental model with actual performance
• What occurs during the associative stage regarding motor programmes?

  Motor programmes begin to be formed
• What is a key outcome of large amounts of practice in the associative stage?

  Increased fluency and efficiency of movement
• How does trial and error play a role in the associative stage?

  More trial and error leads to correcting mistakes
• What happens to the number of errors during the associative stage?

  Fewer errors occur
• What develops as feedback mechanisms in the associative stage?

  Awareness of subtle and complex cues
• What is a key term associated with the associative stage of learning?

  Kinaesthesis
• What is the primary characteristic of the cognitive stage of learning?

  A mental picture is formed
• What is required for performance in the cognitive stage?

  Conscious thought and high concentration
• What method is primarily used in the cognitive stage of learning?

  Trial and error methods
• What type of feedback is relied upon in the cognitive stage?

  Extrinsic feedback from coaches
• What is a common issue in the cognitive stage of learning?

  Lots of errors are present
• How do movements appear in the cognitive stage?

  Movements lack fluency and are jerky
• What role do models play in the cognitive stage of learning?

  Demonstrations are vital to aid learning
• What is extrinsic feedback?

  • Feedback from outside the body
  • Examples include feedback from a coach