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• What event in 1517 marked the beginning of Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church?

  Ninety-Five Theses
• Why did Luther's ideas resonate with the public?

  They echoed familiar criticisms of the Church's practices
• How did Luther make the Bible more accessible to the common people?

  He translated it into German
• What were the main factors that contributed to Luther's effectiveness in challenging the Catholic Church?

  1. Resonated with people's criticisms of the Church's practices
  2. Condemned the clergy's deceit and hypocrisy
  3. Tapped into existing grievances about Roman control and taxation
  4. Shared similarities with Erasmus's Christian humanism
  5. Rejected complex school theology
  6. Advocated for the dismantling of relic shrines and superstitious practices
• What was the reformers' view on the concept of salvation?

  God accepted and forgave sinners despite their ongoing imperfections
• What were the key differences between the Reformed tradition and the Catholic Church in terms of attitudes to the Gospels and religious practice?

  1. Authority of Scripture alone vs. tradition and Church authority
  2. Unearned and unearnable forgiveness vs. faith combined with good works
  3. Christ's sacrifice as complete and sufficient vs. the need for traditional practices like the sacrificial mass
• How did the Reformed tradition view good works in relation to salvation?

  Good works were a consequence of being forgiven, not a means to achieve forgiveness
• What was the Reformed tradition's view on the role of saints in religious practice?

  Prayer should be directed solely to God; the intercession of saints was deemed unnecessary
• What were the regional variations in religious change during the Reformation period?

  1. Lutheranism in Northern Germany and Scandinavia: more conservative approach, retained elements of medieval worship
  2. Calvinism in Switzerland and the Low Countries: more rigorous application of Reformed principles, austere worship style
  3. England: unique blend of influences, maintained some traditional liturgical practices while incorporating Protestant reforms
  4. Scotland: Calvinism gained a strong foothold, led to the establishment of a Presbyterian church structure
• How did the Reformation impact the process of religious belief in different regions?

  It led to a shift toward the centrality of Scripture and a more individualized faith experience
• What role did the printing press play in spreading Reformation ideas?

  It allowed for mass production and dissemination of Reformation texts
• How did the Reformation impact art and culture?

  It led to a shift from religious representation to the celebration of everyday life and nature
• What were the main differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism?

  1. Lutheranism: more conservative approach, retained elements of medieval worship
  2. Calvinism: more rigorous application of Reformed principles, austere worship style
• What is the significance of the Reformation in shaping modern Western society?

  It contributed to the development of individualism, democracy, and the separation of church and state