Explanation of Patterns and Trends

• What was the case study involving mods and rockers about?

  Minor scuffles leading to moral panic
• How did the media portray the mods and rockers conflict?


  It exaggerated events and demonized youth
• What is the impact of labeling on youth according to the study?

  It causes them to react and rebel
• Who suggested that a lack of socialization leads to increased deviancy?

  Murray from the New Right
• What age group is disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system?

  14-25 year olds
• What is the deviancy amplification spiral?

  Cycle of deviance caused by labeling
• What do interactionists believe about the New Right's perspective on crime?

  It ignores external structures and labeling
• Why are young people more likely to be stopped and searched?

  They are more likely to be labeled deviant
• Who is more likely to be a victim of crime according to the study?

  16-24 year olds
• What concept does Lyng introduce regarding young adults and risk?

  Edgework, relating to risk-taking behavior
• What is a criticism of cultural criminology according to the study?

  It focuses too heavily on young, WC males
• What does Box suggest about law enforcement and young people?

  Young people are used as scapegoats
• What happened to Sarah Everard on March 3?

  She was abducted by a policeman
• How long did the kidnapping of Sarah Everard take?

  Less than 5 minutes
• What do police records indicate about male crime rates?

  Males commit more serious crimes
• What percentage of sexual offences are committed by men?

  98%
• Why might men have higher self-report statistics for crime?

  They are less likely to report sexual offences
• What did Hanmer & Saunders find in their study of women in Leeds?

  20% had been sexually abused and not reported
• How do feminists view criminal behavior?

  It is constructed in gendered ways
• What do Marxists link gendered crime to?

  Social, economic, and political structures
• What does the New Right argue about fatherless households?

  They contribute to male criminality
• Who was George Floyd and what happened to him?

  He was murdered by a white police officer
• What was the reason for George Floyd's arrest?

  Using a counterfeit $20 bill
• What did the video of George Floyd's death highlight?

  Racial inequality against black individuals
• What percentage of arrests are white according to GOV.UK?

  78%
• What did the University of Leeds find about charge rates for BAME suspects?

  BAME suspects had a 12% higher charge rate
• What did the Ministry of Justice report about black people and stop and search?

  Black people were stopped & searched 7x more
• Who was Stephen Lawrence?

  A black teenager murdered by white youths
• What did Merton suggest about ethnic minorities and crime?

  They face structural strain and marginalization
• How do functionalists view crime data related to ethnicity?

  They treat it as social facts
• What do Marxists say about ethnic minorities and legal representation?

  They have less access due to poverty
• What statistic shows the likelihood of black people being murdered?

  5x more likely to be murdered
• What do conflict theorists argue about ethnic minorities and crime?

  They are more likely to be victims due to inequalities
• What do feminists say about ethnic minority women?

  They face compounded discrimination and violence
• How does labeling affect ethnic minorities?

  It leads to increased targeting by offenders
• What are the highest crime rates according to the study?

  Venezuela 82.1% and Papua New Guinea 80.4%
• What is the Italian Mafia known for?

  Money laundering, drug trafficking, assassinations
• What do Marxists say about the emergence of global criminal networks?

  They arise from economic inequalities and exclusion
• Who was Emanuele Notarbartolo?

  First victim of the Sicilian Mafia
• How do functionalists view victims of crime?

  As casualties of larger structural issues