Metals (get the grades)

• What is the section of National 5 Chemistry that can be hard to understand?

  Metals
• What is the purpose of the Electrochemical Series?

  It orders metals by their reactivity
• What is metallic bonding?

  Bonding between positive ions and delocalised electrons
• Why do metals conduct electricity?

  Delocalised electrons are free to move
• What is a common exam question regarding metallic bonding?

  How can metals conduct electricity?
• What reactions can metals undergo?

  Reactions with oxygen, acids, and water
• What is the reaction of a metal with oxygen?

  Metal + Oxygen ———> Metal Oxide
• What is produced when a metal reacts with dilute acids?

  Salt and Hydrogen
• What is the reaction of a metal with water?

  Metal + Water ———> Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
• Which metals react with water to create metal hydroxide and hydrogen?

  Only the most reactive metals
• What is required to extract more reactive metals from ores?

  Electrolysis
• What is electrolysis?

  A process using electric current to break down substances
• What do middle reactive metals need for extraction?

  Heating with carbon or carbon monoxide
• How can less reactive metals like gold be extracted?

  Using heat alone
• How does electrical energy travel in electrochemical cells?

  From metals high to lower in the series
• What is a simple cell made of?

  Two different metals in an electrolyte solution
• What are half-cells in electrochemical cells?

  Metals in solutions containing their ions
• What connects two half-cells in an electrochemical cell?

  An ion bridge
• What do redox reactions describe?

  The transfer of electrons between atoms
• What does OIL RIG stand for?

  Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain
• What happens during oxidation in a reaction?

  An atom loses electrons
• What happens during reduction in a reaction?

  An atom gains electrons
• What are reducing agents?

  Compounds that give electrons to another molecule
• What occurs in displacement reactions?

  A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one
• What are the key points of metallic bonding?

  • Positive ions bind together
  • Surrounded by delocalised electrons
  • Delocalised electrons are free to move
  • Metals conduct electricity
• What are the key reactions involving metals?

  1. Metal + Oxygen ———> Metal Oxide
  2. Metal + Dilute Acids ———> Salt + Hydrogen
  3. Metal + Water ———> Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
• What are the methods of extracting metals?

  • More reactive metals: electrolysis
  • Middle reactive metals: heating with carbon
  • Less reactive metals: heat alone
• What are the types of electrochemical cells?

  1. Simple cell: two different metals in electrolyte
  2. Half-cells: metals in solutions of their ions
  3. Connected by an ion bridge
• What are the characteristics of redox reactions?

  • Oxidation: loss of electrons
  • Reduction: gain of electrons
  • Reducing agents give electrons and are oxidised
• What occurs in displacement reactions involving metals?

  • A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
  • Based on the electrochemical series