GENDER

• What is the biological status referred to as sex?

  Innate biological status
• How is someone's sex biologically determined?

  By their genetic make-up and sex chromosomes
• What distinguishes males and females biologically?

  Hormonal and anatomical differences
• What are the sex chromosomes for females and males?

  XX for females, XY for males
• What does gender reflect in terms of social context?

  Attitudes, behaviors, and roles associated with sex
• How is gender different from biological sex?

  Gender is assigned and influenced by nurture
• What is gender dysphoria?

  When biological sex and gender identity do not correspond
• What does gender reassignment surgery aim to achieve?

  Align sexual identity with gender identity
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  Social expectations regarding male and female behavior
• How are sex-role stereotypes transmitted in society?

  Through culture and reinforcement by social members
• Can sex-role stereotypes represent something real?

  Yes, some have a basis in reality
• What is an example of a sex-role stereotype?

  Males responsible for DIY, females for cards
• What can incorrect sex-role stereotypes lead to?

  Sexist and damaging attitudes
• What did the study by Furnham and Farragher (2000) find about sex-role stereotypes in media?

  Men shown in professional roles, women in domestic
• What does androgyny refer to?

  A balance of masculine and feminine characteristics
• How is androgyny perceived in everyday understanding?

  As appearance neither female nor male
• What is the role of the 23rd chromosome pair?

  Determines biological sex
• What shapes do the sex chromosomes have?

  X or Y shape
• How is a baby's sex determined?

  By the sperm's X or Y chromosome
• What gene does the Y chromosome carry?

  SRY gene
• What does the SRY gene cause in a male embryo?

  Production of androgens
• How do hormones influence gender development prenatally?

  They act on brain development and reproductive organs
• What triggers secondary sexual characteristics at puberty?

  A burst of hormonal activity
• What hormone is key in male development?

  Testosterone
• What happens if a genetic male produces no testosterone?

  No male sex organs appear
• What is testosterone linked to in males?

  Aggression and competitive behavior
• What role does oestrogen play in female development?

  Controls female sexual characteristics
• What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

  Heightened emotionality before menstruation
• What does oxytocin facilitate in women?

  Lactation and bonding
• What percentage of males have Klinefelter's syndrome?

  About 1 in 600 males
• What are some physical characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome?

  Lack of body hair and breast development
• What is Klinefelter's syndrome characterized by?

  XXY chromosomal structure
• What psychological characteristics are linked to Klinefelter's syndrome?

  Poor language skills and shyness
• What is Turner's syndrome characterized by?

  XO chromosomal structure
• What percentage of females have Turner's syndrome?

  About 1 in 5000 females
• What are some physical characteristics of Turner's syndrome?

  No menstrual cycle and broad chest
• What psychological characteristics are associated with Turner's syndrome?

  Higher reading ability and social immaturity
• What does Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory emphasize?

  Changes in thinking about gender over time
• How does gender development relate to intellectual development according to Kohlberg?

  It parallels intellectual development
• What are the three stages in Kohlberg's gender development?

  Gender identity, stability, constancy