Lecture 05, 6

• What is the focus of organic chemistry?

  Intermolecular bonding
• Why is intermolecular bonding important?

  It affects physical properties of substances
• What are the types of intermolecular bonds?

  Electrostatic, hydrogen, dipole-dipole
• What does the Inductive Effect refer to?

  Pull of electron density through σ-bonds
• What do +I and -I signify in the Inductive Effect?

  +I is electron-donating, -I is electron-withdrawing

  
• What are the main organic functional groups?

  Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes
• What is the nomenclature for hydrocarbons?

  Systematic naming based on carbon chains
• What are the types of intermolecular bonding forces?

  Electrostatic, hydrogen, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole
• What is a hydrogen bond?

  Attraction between H and electronegative atoms
• When does hydrogen bonding typically occur?

  When H is bonded to O, N, or F
• What is the bond type in H2O?

  Polar covalent bond
• What happens when molecules are close enough for hydrogen bonding?

  Attraction occurs between negative and positive ends
• What is an ion-dipole interaction?

  Electrostatic interaction between an ion and dipole
• What are dipole-dipole interactions?

  Attraction between positive and negative ends of polar molecules
• How do dipole-dipole interactions work in acetone?

  Dipoles align for stronger attractive forces

  
• What are Van der Waals forces also known as?

  London dispersion forces
• What causes Van der Waals forces?

  Momentary changes in electron density

  
• What is the effect of surface area on Van der Waals interactions?

  Larger surface area increases attractive forces
• How does boiling point change with alkane carbon number?

  Boiling point increases with more carbons
• What is the relationship between boiling point and intermolecular forces?

  Stronger forces lead to higher boiling points
• How does polarity affect intermolecular forces?

  Increased polarity strengthens intermolecular forces
• What is the boiling point of a compound?

  Temperature where liquid turns to gas
• What is the strength of electrostatic or ionic forces?

  Strongest of the intermolecular bonds
• What is the inductive effect?

  Pull of electron density through σ-bonds
• What are electron-donating groups?

  Groups that donate electron density

  
• What are examples of electron-withdrawing groups?

  NO2, CN, COOH
• What happens if a substituent is electron donating?

  It acquires a positive charge (+I effect)
• What happens if a substituent is electron withdrawing?

  It acquires a negative charge (-I effect)
• What are functional groups in organic chemistry?

  Parts of molecules with characteristic features
• How many functional groups exist in organic chemistry?

  About 100 functional groups
• What are alkanes composed of?

  Only carbon and hydrogen
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What are constitutional isomers?

  Compounds with the same formula, different connections
• What does IUPAC stand for?

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• What is the IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes?

  Systematic method of naming organic compounds
• What is the suffix used for alkanes?

  “ane”
• What is the first step in IUPAC naming?

  Find the longest continuous carbon chain
• How do you number the longest carbon chain?

  Start from the end nearest a substituent
• How should alkyl groups be named?

  Name them and give their location on the chain
• How do you organize multiple substituents in naming?

  Use prefixes like di, tri, tetra