Lecture 10

Cards (33)

  • What is the focus of organic chemistry in this material?
    Chemical reactivity of hydrocarbons
  • Why is hydrocarbon chain structure important in human health?
    It affects cholesterol levels and health
  • What is the chemical reactivity of alkenes?
    They undergo addition reactions
  • How do you determine the product from an addition reaction of alkenes?
    By analysing the reactants and conditions
  • What is the stability of carbocations?
    Tertiary carbocations are more stable
  • What is cholesterol associated with?
    HDL and LDL levels
  • What does HDL stand for?
    High-density lipoprotein
  • What does LDL stand for?
    Low-density lipoprotein
  • How does LDL affect blood vessels?
    It deposits in vessels, narrowing passageways
  • What is β-sitosterol believed to do?
    Help lower levels of LDL cholesterol
  • What type of bond is the C-H bond in alkanes?
    Non-polar bond
  • Why are alkanes considered unreactive?
    They do not react with electron pairs or charges
  • What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?
    Radical reactions
  • What happens during the chlorination of methane?
    Free radicals react to form methyl radicals
  • Why are free radicals very reactive?
    They have a single unstable electron
  • What is produced when a methyl radical attacks a chlorine molecule?
    A chlorine radical is produced
  • What can UV light produce in your skin?
    Radical species
  • What do alkenes contain?
    A C=C double bond
  • What is the effect of hydrogenation on fats?
    It leads to trans-double bonds
  • What are trans-fats similar to in their effects?
    Saturated fats on cholesterol levels
  • What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?
    Cis has substituents on the same side
  • What is the Z-isomer needed for?
    For tamoxifen as an estrogen receptor antagonist
  • When do we use E and Z naming systems?
    When substituents on C1 and C2 differ
  • How do you determine priority in E/Z designation?
    By ranking atoms connected at comparison point
  • What is the stability comparison of cis and trans alkenes?
    Cis alkenes are less stable than trans
  • What is the nature of the C=C bond in alkenes?
    It is electron-rich and nucleophilic
  • What happens during the addition reaction of alkenes?
    The alkene attacks an electrophile
  • What is formed when a carbocation is created?
    It is electrophilic with a positive charge
  • What can be added to alkenes during reactions?
    Halogens or water with acid catalyst
  • What occurs during addition to unsymmetrical alkenes?
    More stable carbocation is formed
  • What is the summary of alkanes and alkenes?
    Alkanes are unreactive; alkenes undergo addition
  • What is the order of carbocation stability?
    Tertiary > secondary > primary
  • How is the product of an addition reaction predicted?
    From the stability of the carbocation formed