key theorists

    Cards (117)

    • durkheim
      social solidarity - education system helps create this by transmitting shared beliefs and values from one generation to the next
    • durkheim
      specialist skills - education teaches individuals the specialist knowledge and skills they need to play their part in society
    • parsons
      meritocracy - persons status in society is achieved through hard work
    • parsons
      bridge analogy - education is the bridge between the family and wider society
    • davis and moore
      role allocation - schools perform the function of selecting and allocating students to work roles based on their talents and abilities
    • tumin
      highly rewarded jobs are the ones that are seen as important
    • chubb and moe
      state run education has failed in the usa due to not creating equal opportunities and fails the needs of disadvantaged groups
    • chubb and moe
      believes their should be an introduction of a market system that would put the control in the hands of the consumers - the parents
    • blau and duncan
      human capital - modern economy depends for its prosperity on using its workers skills
    • althusser
      education system is an important ideological state apparatus - produces ideologies that make people accept inequality is inevitable + transmitting from generation to generation by failing each successive generation of working class pupils
    • bowles and gintis
      correspondence theory - schooling prepares working class pupils for their role as exploited workers through the hidden curriculum, reproducing class inequality
    • bowles and gintis
      myth of meritocracy - serves to justify the privileges of the higher classes, making it seem like they gained due to success in school, which makes the working class accept ineqaulity and see it as legitimate
    • willis
      the lads - reject the idea that working class pupils can achieve middle class jobs through hard work , believe they are destined for unskilled work that capitalism needs someone to perform
    • Hubbs- tait et al
      Cognitive performance improves when parents use language to challenge their children to evaluate their abilities
    • Feinstein
      Educated parents are more likely to use language which is challenging and allows for cognitive improvements
    • Bernstein
      Restricted code - informal and simple language used by working class
    • Bernstein
      Elaborated code - formal and grammatically correct language used by the middle class
    • Sugarman
      Four working class features that act as a barrier to educational achievement
      • present time orientation - no long term goals
      • immediate gratification - seeking pleasure now rather than saving for later life
      • fatalism - believing in fate snd thinking there can be no status change
      • collectivism - being part of a group is priority
    • Howard
      Children from the working class are more likely to have less energy due to poor nutrition, leading to a weaker immune system and having more absences at school which affects educational achievement
    • Smith and Noble
      Poverty acts as a barrier to learning
    • Tanner
      Costs of items within education place a burden on working class families
    • Blanden and Machin
      children from low income families are more likely to experience fights and temper tantrums within school, which can then lead to exclusion
    • Wilkinson
      children from lower income homes have a higher likelihood of having high behavioural problems
    • Reay
      working class students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could save on travel costs, but then there options became limited
    • Keddie
      Cultural deprivation is a myth - working class children have different values and are culturally different
    • Troyna and Williams
      the schools attitude towards the children’s language is the problem
    • Francis
      Middle class tend to be more confident and self assured due to exposure to socialising and networking activities
    • Bourdieu
      Middle class possess cultural capital and they are socialised by the family
    • Becker
      Conducted a study with 60 Chicago high school teachers and found that they judged pupils according to how close they were to the ’ideal pupil’
    • Dunne and Gazeley
      Labelling in secondary schools - teachers normalised the underachievement of the working class
    • Rist
      Labelling in primary schools - teachers used information about the child’s background and appearance to place then groups - gave the working class no encouragement and saw no potential
    • Rosenthal and Jacobson
      • conducted a test in school to identify pupils that would spurt ahead
      • chose 20% of children at random and called them spurters
      • a year later, 47% of the labelled spurters made progress - self-fulfilling prophecy
    • Gillborn and Youdell
      streaming is based on teachers stereotypical notion of 'ability' - working class students tend to be negatively labelled
    • Lacey
      subcultures emerge as a consequence of streaming or a reaction to labelling
      • differentiation - being labelled by teachers based on ability, attitude and behaviour
      • polarisation - how students respond to behaviour - join pro-school or anti-school subcultures
    • Ball
      • when schools abolished banding, anti-school subcultures declined
      • class inequalities still existed due to teacher labelling persisting
      • education reform act - trend towards streaming and school diversity and changes in curriculum
    • Woods
      pupils respond to teacher labelling by:
      • intigration - teachers pet
      • ritualism - staying out of trouble
      • retreatism - mucking about
      • rebellion - outright rejection of school
    • Furlong
      many pupils are not committed permanently to any one response, and will change based on different teachers
    • Archer
      working class have symbolic violence as their lifestyles and desires are viewed as tasteless in the eyes of the education system
    • Douglas
      working class parents place less value on education, causing them to underachieve
    • Archer
      Nike identities - working class seek alternative ways of creating self-worth and identity