Chem2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass or volume of gas produced
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy
• What happens to the time taken for a reaction as temperature increases?

  It takes less time
• What does a graph of gas volume against time typically look like?

  A curve that levels out over time
• How can you find the rate of reaction at a specific time from a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  It increases the frequency of collisions
• How does increasing temperature affect particle collisions?

  Particles move faster and collide more
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It reduces activation energy
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can revert to reactants
• What is the Haber process used for?

  To produce ammonia
• What occurs when a system at equilibrium is disturbed?

  The system adjusts to counteract the change
• What effect does increasing pressure have on a reaction with more moles on the left side?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$_n$H$_{2n+2}$
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the relationship between viscosity and alkane chain length?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine?

  It forms a dibromo compound
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What is polymerization?

  Joining monomers to form polymers
• What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerization?

  Addition uses monomers with double bonds
• What is produced during condensation polymerization?

  Water is produced
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  A molecule that stores genetic code
• What is chromatography used for?

  Separating substances in a mixture
• What are the key factors that affect the rate of reaction?

  • Concentration of reactants
  • Pressure of gas reactants
  • Surface area of solid reactants
  • Temperature
  • Presence of a catalyst
• What are the main fractions obtained from crude oil and their uses?

  • LPG: Fuel for heating
  • Petrol: Fuel for cars
  • Kerosene: Jet fuel
  • Diesel: Fuel for lorries
  • Heavy fuel oil: Fuel for ships
• What are the differences between alkanes and alkenes?

  • Alkanes: Saturated, single bonds
  • Alkenes: Unsaturated, double bonds
• What are the steps in the process of fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Heat crude oil to evaporate
  2. Gases rise in the fractionating column
  3. Gases cool and condense at different heights
  4. Collect fractions based on boiling points
• What is the significance of the functional groups in organic compounds?

  • Determine the chemical properties
  • Influence the reactivity of the compound
• What is the importance of obtaining pure substances in chemistry?

  • Ensures accurate results in experiments
  • Essential for creating formulations
• What are the properties of polymers made from alkenes?

  • Long chains of repeating units
  • Formed through addition polymerization