Organisation

• What is the difference between tissue and organ?

  A tissue is one cell type; an organ has many.
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together.
• What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

  Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
• What do muscle cells form part of?

  Muscle tissue that contracts.
• How does the stomach contribute to digestion?

  It churns food and mixes it with acid.
• What does the liver produce?

  Bile for emulsifying fats.
• What is the function of the gallbladder?

  It stores bile produced by the liver.
• What does the small intestine do?

  Moves glucose and ions into the blood.
• What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  Kills bacteria and activates proteases.
• What does lipase break down?

  Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Where is lipase produced?

  In the pancreas and small intestine.
• What does protease break down?

  Proteins into amino acids.
• Where does protease work?

  In the stomach and small intestine.
• What does amylase break down?

  Starch into sugars.
• Where is amylase produced?

  In saliva glands, pancreas, and small intestine.
• What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

  Formed when a substrate fits into an enzyme's active site.
• What happens to enzymes after they release products?

  They remain unchanged and can be reused.
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Low temperatures reduce energy; high temperatures denature enzymes.
• What is denaturation in enzymes?

  Destruction of bonds holding enzyme structure.
• How does pH affect enzyme activity?

  Extreme pH levels can denature enzymes.
• What is the function of the diaphragm?

  It helps bring air in and out.
• What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?

  Site of gas exchange with a large surface area.
• What is the cardiovascular system?

  A double system for blood circulation.
• What is the path of blood through the heart?

  Vena cava, atrium, ventricle, artery, vein.
• Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle walls?

  It pumps blood to the entire body.
• What do veins generally carry?

  Deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• What is the function of valves in the heart?

  They ensure one-way blood flow.
• What is the color of blood due to?

  Red blood cells without nuclei.
• What are platelets important for?

  Clotting blood to prevent bleeding.
• What can lead to a heart attack?

  Blocked arteries from fatty deposits.
• What are common risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

  Smoking, high blood pressure, high salt intake.
• What does health encompass?

  Overall physical and mental well-being.
• What do epidemiology studies focus on?

  Health and illness levels in populations.
• How can we study the effects of exercise on health?

  Compare active individuals to inactive ones.
• What is cancer characterized by?

  Uncontrolled cell division leading to lumps.
• What are benign tumors?

  Slow-growing and generally harmless lumps.
• What are malignant tumors?

  Aggressive tumors that spread throughout the body.
• What lifestyle factors can affect cancer risk?

  Smoking, diet, sun exposure, unprotected sex.
• What is the function of palisade mesophyll in leaves?

  Site of photosynthesis in plants.
• What is the role of xylem in plants?

  Transports water from roots to leaves.