Infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What types of organisms can be pathogens?

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
• How do bacterial pathogens reproduce?

  They reproduce quickly in the body
• What do bacteria produce that can damage tissue?

  Toxins
• How do viral pathogens reproduce?

  They infect and reproduce inside body cells
• What is the first line of defense in the human body?

  Hair and mucus in the nose
• What role does hydrochloric acid in the stomach play?

  Kills microbes present on food
• What is the function of the skin in the human defense system?

  Acts as a physical barrier against microbes
• How do cilia in the lungs help defend against pathogens?

  They trap and move microbes out of the body
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens by white blood cells
• How do antibodies help in defending against pathogens?

  They attach to antigens and help destroy pathogens
• What are antitoxins?

  Substances produced by white blood cells to counteract toxins
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  Stimulates production of antibodies against pathogens
• What do vaccines contain?

  Dead or weakened pathogens
• How do memory cells function after vaccination?

  They produce antibodies quickly upon reinfection
• What are the seven types of pathogens and their diseases?

  1. Bacteria: Salmonella - food poisoning
  2. Bacteria: Gonorrhea - sexually transmitted
  3. Virus: Measles - respiratory droplets
  4. Virus: HIV - body fluids
  5. Virus: Tobacco mosaic virus - plants
  6. Fungus: Rose black spot - plants
  7. Protist: Malaria - mosquitoes
• What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• How can salmonella food poisoning be prevented?

  Vaccinating poultry and hygiene practices
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

  Thick discharge and pain on urinating
• How is gonorrhea treated?

  With antibiotics
• How is measles spread?

  By inhaling droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• What is the prevention method for measles?

  Vaccinating young children
• How is HIV treated?

  With anti-retroviral drugs
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like illness and immune system attack
• How can HIV be prevented?

  Using condoms and not sharing needles
• What is the tobacco mosaic virus?

  A viral disease that infects plants
• How is rose black spot spread?

  By wind or water
• What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

  Mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  By removing infected plants or using fungicides
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes acting as vectors
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurring fever and potential fatality
• How can malaria be prevented?

  Preventing mosquito breeding and using nets
• What do antibiotics do?

  They help cure bacterial diseases
• What do painkillers do?

  They treat symptoms of an illness
• Why can't antibiotics kill viral pathogens?

  Viruses reproduce inside body cells
• Where do many drugs come from?

  From chemicals found in plants and microbes
• What is digitalis used for?

  It is a heart drug
• What is aspirin derived from?

  Willow trees