Bioenergetics

• What is aerobic respiration?

  Release of energy from glucose using oxygen
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  release of energy from glucose without the use of oxygen
• What is the equation for AEROBIC respiration?

  glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast/plants?

  glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+small amount of energy)
• What is the equation for ANAEROBIC respiration in animals?

  glucose -> lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)
• What is Oxygen Debt?

  the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid.
• What are enzymes?


  Biological catalysts that are made out of protein
• Where does the substrate (reactant) bind to an enzyme?

  Active site
• What is respiration?


  the release of energy from glucose.
• What 2 factors effect enzyme activity?

  • pH
  • temperature
• What happens to enzymes at high temp / extreme pH?

  they DENATURE, their active site changes shape
• What happens to the rate of enzyme activity as the temperature increases?

  • rate of reaction increases - more successful collisions
  • up to the maximum rate- optimum temp
  • the rate then DECREASES as the enzyme denatures.
• What is the lock and key theory for enzyme action?

  An enzyme is specific for a subsrate, as only one substrate will bind to the active site of an enzyme.
• What is the role of Protease?

  protease breaks bonds in protein to produce amino acids
• Where is PROTEASE produced?

  It is produced in the pancreas and small intestine.
• State 3 USES of energy from respiration:

  • muscle contraction for movement
  • maintaining constant body temperature
  • active transport
• What is the unit called that includes bioenergetics?

  Unit four
• Which two types of organisms perform photosynthesis?

  Plants and algae
• How does carbon dioxide enter the leaves of plants?

  By diffusion from the air
• How does water enter the roots of plants?

  By osmosis from the soil
• What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

  It absorbs sunlight
• What is produced as a waste product of photosynthesis?

  Oxygen
• What is the summary word equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide plus water gives glucose and oxygen
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis described as?

  Endothermic reaction
• What happens to glucose produced in photosynthesis?

  It can be used for respiration or stored
• How can glucose be stored in plants?

  As insoluble starch
• What can glucose be converted into for energy storage?

  Fats or oils
• What is cellulose used for in plants?

  To strengthen cell walls
• How are amino acids produced in plants?

  By combining glucose with nitrates
• What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis?

  Light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature, chlorophyll
• What does region one of the light intensity graph indicate?

  Light intensity is the limiting factor
• What happens in region two of the light intensity graph?

  Light intensity is no longer limiting
• What does region one of the carbon dioxide concentration graph indicate?

  Carbon dioxide concentration is the limiting factor
• What happens in region two of the carbon dioxide concentration graph?

  Carbon dioxide concentration is no longer limiting
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Higher temperatures increase enzyme activity
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures during photosynthesis?

  They denature and lose shape
• How can knowledge of limiting factors help greenhouse growers?

  To maximize photosynthesis and profits
• What does the graph of light intensity and rate of photosynthesis show?

  Higher light intensity increases photosynthesis rate
• What is the purpose of measuring the rate of photosynthesis?

  To determine how quickly photosynthesis occurs
• How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured using pondweed?

  By counting the number of bubbles produced