Late Modernity, Social Exclusion and Crime

• Who argues that we live in a late modern society?

  Jock Young
• What characterizes late modern society according to Jock Young?

  Instability, insecurity, and exclusion
• How does Young's view of strain differ from Merton's theory?

  Strain is more constant and severe
• What period does Young contrast with today's society?

  The 1950s and 60s
• What characterized the 1950s and 60s according to Young?

  Stability, security, and social inclusion
• What economic changes since the 1970s have affected society?

  De-industrialisation and job decline
• What has contributed to rising divorce rates according to Young?

  Destabilised family and community life
• What societal issue has increased due to New Right policies?

  Welfare spending cuts
• What does a media-saturated society emphasize?

  Leisure, consumption, and gratification
• How does the media influence societal norms according to Young?

  It promotes high levels of consumption
• What message does the media convey about success?

  Anyone can be successful with effort
• What does Young argue about deviant behavior in late modernity?

  It seeks material goals and emotional release
• How does Young apply Merton's Strain Theory to crime?

  Crime results from relative deprivation
• What are the two consequences of economic exclusion combined with media messages?

  Crime is widespread and nastier
• What examples of deviance does Young provide?

  Extreme subcultures and binge-drinking
• What serious crimes does Young link to anomie in late modernity?

  Hate crimes against minority groups
• How does Young's theory add to our understanding of crime?

  It highlights non-economic reasons for crime
• What does Young argue against regarding crime opportunities?

  Crime is not just about available opportunities
• What types of crimes does Young mention that involve more than rational choice?

  Drug use and vandalism
• What does Young suggest about street robbery?

  It offers more than small profits
• What are the key features of Jock Young's theory of crime in late modernity?

  • Instability, insecurity, and exclusion
  • Economic exclusion and media influence
  • Relative deprivation and frustration
  • Widespread and nastier crime
  • Non-economic motivations for crime
• What are the implications of Young's theory for understanding crime and deviance?

  • Highlights emotional factors in crime
  • Challenges rational choice theory
  • Explains crime's appeal beyond profit
  • Connects media messages to deviant behavior