The Role of the Police in Controlling and Reducing Crime

• What does the Consensus Approach view the police as?

  A neutral force doing a good job
• According to the Consensus Approach, what causes most police failings?

  Lack of funding and insufficient police presence
• What do Right Realists emphasize in policing?

  Zero Tolerance policing
• What is a key feature of Zero Tolerance policing?

  Targeting persistent offenders and minor offences
• How do Right Realists view police visibility?

  As a physical deterrent against crime
• What do Left Realists prefer over Zero Tolerance policies?

  Community policing
• What is the goal of community policing according to Left Realists?

  To work with communities and prevent crime
• What is an example of community policing?

  Community Support Officers
• What do Marxists argue about police enforcement?

  It is selective and focuses on the working class
• Who argues that the police focus on working class areas?

  David Gordon
• What do Marxists believe about government funding for police?

  It is higher in working class areas
• What did Tombs and Whyte's study find about funding?

  Funding for financial crime investigations has been cut
• How does Howard Becker suggest police interpret behavior?

  Differently based on class background
• What is a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in policing?

  Over-policing leads marginalized groups to crime
• What does Aaron Cicourel's analysis focus on?

  Negotiation of justice based on class
• What is the reality of policing in postmodern society according to the text?

  It is complex and community-oriented
• What approach do most police forces take today?

  A problem-oriented approach
• How have police attitudes changed according to research on police subcultures?

  They are more diverse than historically
• What role do private security companies play in modern policing?

  They have a more significant role
• What is predictive policing?

  Using technology to anticipate crime
• How have police forces adapted to global problems?

  By changing their strategies and approaches