Left Realist Explanations for Ethnic Differences in Crime

• Who argues that marginalization, relative deprivation, and subcultures are key causes of crime?

  Lea and Young
• What do Lea and Young suggest about ethnic minorities and crime?

  They face higher levels of deprivation and marginalization
• What do official statistics indicate about black and Asian people's social status?

  They suffer more from social exclusion and deprivation
• What are the three main causes of crime according to Left Realists?

  Marginalization, relative deprivation, subcultures
• How do ethnic minorities compare to white people in terms of relative deprivation?

  They are more likely to experience higher rates
• Why might ethnic minorities form subcultures according to the text?

  Due to higher rates of marginalization
• Which group is particularly disadvantaged in the labor market?

  Young black males
• What is the likelihood of young ethnic minority males in the labor market?

  They are less likely to be successful
• What does Lea and Young argue about crime levels among marginalized groups?

  Higher deprivation leads to higher crime levels
• What percentage of Bangladeshi people were in the most deprived 20% in 2018?

  50%
• What percentage of Black/African/Caribbean people were in poverty in 2020?

  Nearly half
• What does marginalization refer to?

  Living on the edges of society
• How can social exclusion be measured?

  By poor access to housing and schools
• How much more likely are Black people to live in deprived neighborhoods compared to white people?

  Three times more likely
• What percentage of black people lived in the top 10% most deprived neighborhoods in 2019?

  More than 30%
• What historical trend is noted regarding school exclusions for black pupils?

  They were twice as likely to be excluded
• What has happened to exclusion rates for black and white pupils by 2021?

  They are now very similar
• What correlation exists between relative deprivation and imprisonment rates?

  There is a broad correlation by ethnicity
• What does Left Realism fail to explain about Asian people and crime?

  Why they are less over-represented in crime
• What underlying cause might explain higher levels of deprivation and marginalization?

  Structural racism
• Why is it difficult to analyze the role of subcultures in crime rates?

  There are no readily available statistics
• What are the key concepts of Left Realism regarding crime and ethnicity?

  • Marginalization
  • Relative deprivation
  • Formation of subcultures
• What factors contribute to the higher crime rates among ethnic minorities?

  • Higher levels of deprivation
  • Increased marginalization
  • Social exclusion
• What limitations exist in Left Realist explanations of crime by ethnicity?

  • Does not explain Asian crime rates
  • Ignores structural racism
  • Lacks data on subcultures