organic chem

    Cards (46)

    • What are hydrocarbons primarily composed of?
      Carbon and hydrogen atoms
    • Name four examples of alkanes.
      Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
    • Why do alkanes react similarly?
      They are part of the same homologous series
    • What is the general formula for alkanes?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>
    • Why are alkanes considered saturated compounds?
      They are fully bonded to hydrogens
    • What happens to the boiling points of alkanes as their length increases?
      The boiling points increase
    • Why are shorter alkanes more volatile?
      They have lower boiling points
    • Why are shorter alkanes better fuels?
      They are more flammable
    • What is the equation for complete combustion of alkanes?
      Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
    • What is crude oil formed from?
      Remains of organisms from millions of years ago
    • Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
      It is non-renewable
    • What does the temperature gradient in fractional distillation indicate?
      Different hydrocarbons condense at different levels
    • Where do large hydrocarbons condense during fractional distillation?
      At the bottom of the column
    • What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?
      A thermal decomposition reaction
    • What are the two types of cracking?
      Catalytic and steam cracking
    • What is used in catalytic cracking?
      Hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
    • What happens during steam cracking?
      Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated
    • What is the general formula for alkenes?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>
    • Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
      They have a carbon double bond
    • What happens in the bromine water test for alkenes?
      Bromine goes from orange to colourless
    • How can alkenes be used to make polymers?
      Through additional polymerisation
    • What is the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?
      It converts alkenes to alkanes
    • What is required for the reaction of alkenes with water?
      A catalyst and high temperatures
    • What is produced when alkenes react with water?
      An alcohol is formed
    • What happens when alkenes react with halogens?
      They decolourise bromine
    • What must be included when drawing additional polymer reactions?
      • The ‘n’ (amount of monomers)
      • Empty carbon bonds in repeating units
      • Bonds between carbons and hydrogens should be vertical
    • What is the general formula for alcohols?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH
    • What are the properties of alcohols?
      Flammable, soluble, can be oxidised
    • How can alcohols be used as fuels?
      They release a lot of energy
    • What is one method of producing ethanol?
      Reacting ethene with steam
    • What conditions are required for producing ethanol from ethene?
      High temperature and a catalyst
    • What is fermentation?
      Anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast
    • What are the optimal conditions for fermentation?
      30-40 °C and anaerobic conditions
    • Why must fermentation occur in anaerobic conditions?
      To prevent oxidation to ethanoic acid
    • What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>COOH
    • What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?
      -COOH
    • How do carboxylic acids behave in water?
      They are weak acids that don't fully dissociate
    • What is the functional group of esters?
      COO (ester group)
    • What are esters commonly used for?
      Perfumes and food flavourings
    • How are esters formed?
      By reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid
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