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Cards (46)
What are hydrocarbons primarily composed of?
Carbon
and
hydrogen atoms
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Name four examples of alkanes.
Methane
,
Ethane
,
Propane
,
Butane
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Why do alkanes react similarly?
They are part of the same
homologous series
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>
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Why are alkanes considered saturated compounds?
They are fully bonded to
hydrogens
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What happens to the boiling points of alkanes as their length increases?
The
boiling
points
increase
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Why are shorter alkanes more volatile?
They have lower
boiling points
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Why are shorter alkanes better fuels?
They are more
flammable
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What is the equation for complete combustion of alkanes?
Hydrocarbon
+ Oxygen ->
Carbon Dioxide
+ Water
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What is crude oil formed from?
Remains of
organisms
from
millions
of years ago
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Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
It is
non-renewable
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What does the temperature gradient in fractional distillation indicate?
Different
hydrocarbons
condense at different levels
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Where do large hydrocarbons condense during fractional distillation?
At the bottom of the
column
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What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?
A
thermal decomposition
reaction
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What are the two types of cracking?
Catalytic
and
steam
cracking
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What is used in catalytic cracking?
Hot powdered
aluminium oxide
catalyst
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What happens during steam cracking?
Hydrocarbons
are mixed with steam and heated
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
C<sub>n</sub>
H<sub>2n</sub>
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Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
They have a
carbon double bond
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What happens in the bromine water test for alkenes?
Bromine goes from
orange
to colourless
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How can alkenes be used to make polymers?
Through additional
polymerisation
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What is the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?
It converts alkenes to
alkanes
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What is required for the reaction of alkenes with water?
A
catalyst
and high
temperatures
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What is produced when alkenes react with water?
An
alcohol
is formed
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What happens when alkenes react with halogens?
They
decolourise
bromine
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What must be included when drawing additional polymer reactions?
The ‘n’ (amount of
monomers
)
Empty
carbon bonds
in
repeating units
Bonds between carbons and
hydrogens
should be
vertical
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What is the general formula for alcohols?
C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH
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What are the properties of alcohols?
Flammable
,
soluble
, can be
oxidised
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How can alcohols be used as fuels?
They release a lot of
energy
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What is one method of producing ethanol?
Reacting
ethene
with
steam
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What conditions are required for producing ethanol from ethene?
High
temperature
and a
catalyst
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What is fermentation?
Anaerobic
respiration
of sugars by
yeast
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What are the optimal conditions for fermentation?
30-40
°C
and
anaerobic
conditions
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Why must fermentation occur in anaerobic conditions?
To prevent oxidation to
ethanoic
acid
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What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>COOH
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What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?
-
COOH
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How do carboxylic acids behave in water?
They are
weak acids
that don't fully
dissociate
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What is the functional group of esters?
COO (
ester group
)
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What are esters commonly used for?
Perfumes
and food
flavourings
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How are esters formed?
By reacting an
alcohol
with a
carboxylic acid
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