elizabeth

• What was the societal structure in early Elizabethan England?

  Hierarchical society with nobility at the top
• What does the term "Divine Right" refer to in Elizabethan context?

  Power to rule granted by God
• What could Elizabeth issue but not enforce by law?

  Endes (proclamations)
• What areas could only be decided by the throne?

  Marriage and foreign policy
• Who could grant extraordinary taxation in Elizabethan England?

  Parliament
• What was the role of the Privy Council in Elizabeth's government?

  Advised Elizabeth and oversaw meetings
• What legitimacy issue did Elizabeth face regarding her parents?

  Her parents' marriage was considered illegitimate
• Why was Elizabeth's gender a concern for her rule?

  Women were not seen as capable leaders
• What was the religious tension in England during Elizabeth's reign?

  Country was predominantly Catholic, Elizabeth was Protestant
• What significant action did Elizabeth take regarding the Pope in 1559?

  She became Governor of the English church
• What was Elizabeth's financial situation upon becoming queen?

  £300,000 debt with £286,667 annual income
• What foreign threat did Elizabeth face from France?

  England was at war with Catholic France
• What treaty did Elizabeth sign in 1559 regarding Calais?

  She gave up control of Calais to France
• What was the Auld Alliance in relation to Scotland?

  Friendship between Scotland and France
• Who was viewed as a legitimate alternative to Elizabeth?

  Mary Queen of Scots
• What was the main issue regarding Elizabeth's marriage?

  People wanted her to marry for an heir
• What was the main problem with Elizabeth's finances?

  She had a debt greater than her income
• What was the main religious movement in Europe during the 1500s?

  Protestantism
• What did Protestantism advocate for in churches?

  Simpler churches and services in English
• What was a significant challenge for Elizabeth in changing the faith?

  Most bishops were Catholic in 1558
• Who were the Puritans?

  Extreme Protestants wanting to eliminate Catholic ideas
• What geographical issue did Elizabeth face in enforcing religious changes?

  North England was more likely to stay Catholic
• What were the key components of the Religious Settlement of 1559?

  • Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth as supreme governor
  • Act of Uniformity: Church appearance and attendance rules
  • Royal Injunctions: Instructions on worship and clergy attire
• How many priests swore the oath of loyalty to Elizabeth?

  8,000 priests
• What was the consequence for not attending church under the Act of Uniformity?

  People could be fined
• What was the purpose of visitations in the Church of England?

  To ensure changes were made
• What was the trade embargo imposed by Philip of Spain in 1563?

  Ban on English cloth in the Netherlands
• What did the Pope instruct Catholics in England in 1566?

  Not to attend church services
• What was Elizabeth's response to the Dutch revolt against Spain?

  Allowed Sea Beggars to use English ports
• What was the outcome of the Northern Earls Rebellion in 1569?

  450 rebels executed, including Northumberland
• What was the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 about?

  Kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
• What was the consequence for Catholics not attending church after the new law in 1571?

  Fined £20 for not attending
• What was the Throckmorton Plot of 1583 about?

  Mary's return to the throne with French help
• What was the Babington Plot of 1586?

  Plan to kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne
• What was the significance of Walsingham's role in the plots against Elizabeth?

  He intercepted secret messages and gathered intelligence
• What law was passed in 1585 regarding Mary Queen of Scots?

  Mary could not be queen if Elizabeth was murdered
• What were the main challenges Elizabeth faced from both Catholics and Puritans?

  • Catholic challenges: Trade embargo, Counter-Reformation, Dutch revolt
  • Puritan challenges: Vestment controversy, crucifix challenge
• What was the outcome of the Babington Plot?

  Mary was put on trial and executed
• What was the relationship between England and Spain from 1570 to 1585?

  Spain was at war against Dutch Protestants
• What did Elizabeth allow the Sea Beggars to do?

  Use English ports to attack Spanish ships