The Changing Economic World

• What are the PHYSICAL causes of uneven development?

  1. Countries have a poor climate = lower crop yield means less sales
  2. Few raw materials = less money is made from trade meaning less taxes are generated
  3. Natural Hazards = taxes have to be spent on repairing damages
  4. Countries are landlocked = difficult to trade with other countries
• What are the ECONOMIC causes of uneven development?

  1. Poor trade links = lower economy as unable to generate wealth
  2. Lots of debt = money needs to be paid back with interest
  3. An economy based on raw materials = low fluctuating prices, less profit is made
• What are the HISTORICAL causes of uneven development?

  1. Colonization = lower levels of development, removed raw materials, slavery
  2. Conflict / War = damaged infrastructure, infant morality, damaged healthcare
• What consequences does uneven development have on WEALTH? 


  1. Opportunities and access to resources depend on where you are born
  2. The gap between the rich and the poor is consistently increasing
• What consequences does uneven development have on HEALTH?


  1. Life expectancy is lower in LICS ( Somalia=52 whereas Japan=85)
  2. Life expectancy indicates war, disease and malnutrition
  3. HICS often have better medical facilities
  4. HICS are able to better prevent disease
• What consequences does uneven development have on INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION?


  1. Countries limit the number of migrants due to limited jobs/resources
  2. Migrants depend on the push and pull factors of an area
• What are the different ways the global development gap can be reduced?

  1. Investment
  2. Aid
  3. Fairtrade
  4. Intermediate Technology
  5. Loans
  6. Industrial Development
  7. Debt relief
• How can INVESTMENT help?


  1. One country can invest in another infrastructure
  2. Better access to finance
  3. Increase investment in services
• How can FAIR TRADE help?

  1. Companies are required to pay farmers and producers a fair wage
  2. Farmers receive care for their health and family
• How can INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY help?


  1. Tools and services that are simple to use and affordable e.g solar powered light bulbs in Nepal
• How can MICROFINANCE LOANS help? 


  1. Small loans given to LICs to become more financially independent
• Disadvantages of using Birth Rate as a measure of development?


  1. Birth rates may be affected by government policies (more or less depending on policies)
  2. Birth rates may not be accurate (no reliable system to record)
  3. There may be a great variation within a country (high in rural OR low in urban)
• What is the HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX?

  A measure generated using INCOME, LIFE EXPECTANCY, and EDUCATION LEVEL combined
• How can DEBT RELIEF help reduce the development gap?


  1. Allows countries to spend more on health, education and improving the quality of life
  2. The population is able to earn more money contributing to the economy through taxes
  3. Increased economic improvements = increased social improvements = rises in HDI
• How can economic development improve quality of life but at a cost to the environment? (INDIA)

  
  

  UNILEVER

  • employs 16000 PEOPLE = greater income to spend on better FOOD, HOUSING, and SCHOOLING
  • PROJECT SHAKTI (employs 45000 RURAL WOMEN sell Unilever products) = women have an increased income, improves whole family quality of life

  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

  • increased carbon emissions - lower air quality (notorious Delhi smogs most polluted city in the world)
  • lack of attention to safety laws = Unilever mercury spill in India (contamination leading to disease)
• What are the different industries in the UK?

  1. finance and banking
  2. oil and gas
  3. construction
  4. health care
  5. retail
  6. education
• What is an example of the changing UK industry?

  Torr Quarry
• What is Torr Quarry?

  Limestone Quarry

  • limestone is used for road construction
• What is an economic advantage of Torr Quarry?

  • Provides thousands of jobs
  • contributes £15 million to the economy every year
• What are the environmental advantages of Torr Quarry?

  • Trains and trams are used for transport instead of lorries (lower congestion and carbon emissions)
  • Some quarries are restored to nature reserves to increase wildlife diversity
• What are the environmental disadvantages of Torr Quarry?

  • Heavy machinery and explosives contribute to noise and dust pollution
  • Habitats are destroyed
  • Land used for agriculture is destroyed
  • roads are constructed for transportation
• What are the disadvantages of using an economic measure of development? e.g. GNI

  • Does not take into account the quality of people's lives
  • Its an average figure, meaning does not allow for extremes of wealth and poverty
• Key facts about tourism in Tunisia

  • in 2013 tourism brought 6.2 million visitors
  • since 1960, life expectancy has risen from 42 to 75 (social development)
• Why has Tunisia become a popular tourist destination?

  • climate - hot summers and mild warm winters
  • links with Europe - the coastline is close to Europe making it easily accessible to travel
  • history and culture - contains one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites
  • physical landscape - beaches, mountains, deserts, film shoot locations
  • cheap holiday package
• What are the economic benefits of tourism in Tunisia?

  • money spent on resorts, hotels, and restaurants helps boost the income of businesses
  • Visitors buy rugs and other goods from local shops and markets, which helps formal and informal businesses
  • businesses having an income means the government is able to collect taxes which they are able to invest into services like healthcare, education etc.
• What is the road improvement strategy?

  • £15.2 billion invested in over 100 schemes
  • helps prevents over 2500 deaths or serious injuries
  • build over 1300 additional lane miles
• How successful have smart motorways been?

  • uses traffic management methods to reduce congestion
• What is stage 1 in the DTM?

  • high birth rate
  • high death rate
  • stable or slow natural increase
  • Tribes
• What is stage 2 in DTM?

  • High birth rate
  • Death rate falls rapidly
  • Natural rapid increase
  • LICs (Nigeria)
• What is stage 3 in DTM?

  • Falling birth rate
  • Falling death rate (slowly)
  • Natural increase slows down
  • NEES (India)
• What is stage 4 in the DTM?

  • Low birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • Falling the stable natural increase
  • HIC (UK)
• What is stage 5 in the DTM?

  • low birth rate
  • little change in death rate
  • little change in natural increase
  • HIC (Japan)
• What are the reasons for decline of traditional industries in UK?

  • Machines and AI has led to reduced labour needed
  • Labour costs are lower abroad
  • Many traditional UK traditional areas are inland
• What is meant my infant mortality rate?

  Number of children who die under the age of 1 per 1000 births per year
• How an uneven development cause international migration?

  • People move from poorer countries to richer ones for better paid jobs
  • Many people flee LICs due to war and conflict
  • Migrants may also be encouraged to move due to cheaper labour costs else ware
• What are the limitations of economic measures of development?

  • Can be misleading as do not take into account quality of life
  • Tend to be per person, so do not allow for extreme wealth or poverty
  • Many are measured in US$ so do not allow for the relative spending power of different currencies
  • Have limited value in the poorest countries
• What is a scheme for the UK Rail?

  The HS1 Scheme

  • High speed 1
  • London to Kent
• What are the advantages of the HS1 scheme (rail)?

  Dramatically reduced journey times for average road users (as more use train) allowing people to get to work earlier and contribute to the economy
• What are the disadvantages of the HS1 Scheme?

  It has been extremely expensive and took a long time to implement
• What is the London Crossrail?

  A new railway across the capital that links Reading and Heathrow (to the west of London)

  • allowed 200 million better transport links
  • improved journey times, decreasing congestion