case studies

• Lympstone natural characteristics= small valley, estuary,

  Toxteth natural characteristics= River Mersey, wider bay
• Lympstone past characteristics= 13th century had a small port and maintained strong links with the sea and thrived.

  19th century the demand for bigger ships increased so they kept with the shellfish industry like mussels. Tourism in 1840s, attracted wealthy families from Exeter as they enjoyed the novelty of being by the sea.

  20th century became a dormitory settlement for Exeter but maintained a strong sense of community.
• Toxteth past characteristics= 16th century opened small scale farming and industry also started to grow, making use of water power. Industrial revolution led to more urban growth and an influx of people. River bank turned into a dock area, handled timber from Scandinavia. Attractive green site for property and areas became very cheap for the amount of workers.
• Demographics of Toxteth= More people within the ages of 16-64 and has a higher proportion of ethnic groups such as Irish, Asia and Caribbean. More Muslim festivals like Eid and different kinds of churches.
• Demographics of Lympstone= more children and elderly people. More white Christians and churches.
• Birmingham was made during industrial revolution which led to increased migration . Matthew Boulton was an entrepreneur and established the first factory which brought 700 employers.

  Cadbury family set up the bourneville factory and a village for the workers.

  Finance and legal firms also began to grow
• A chemistry industry during the early 1900s survived the great depression and helped lead to diverse metal work industries as well which builds wealth.
• Large amounts of housing were built which were poor quality and high air pollution. The ethnic majority was white and dominated by males. 60% had skilled jobs
• After the war, Birmingham remained prosperous as unemployment was below 1%. Industry also changed from secondary work in factories to service in firms etc.
• Birmingham caught in the 1970s oil crisis and entered a recession which led to economic decline. Industries suffering and led to strikes with workers and looked unattractive to investors.
• Demography

  53% white British, 13% from Pakistan. Led to more ethnic buildings introduced and cultures. Also had a more youthful population.
• Role of government

  Birmingham international airport brings money to the region and improved international accessibility.

  City challenge scheme helps places have access to funding for redevelopment.

  City council have teams that promote Birmingham and gained £235 million.
• Flagship developments

  Victoria square

  Symphony hall in 1991 is a cultural player

  Universities brings youthful population and wealth to the area
• Barcelona role of culture= Antoni Gaudi architect gave Barcelona UNESCO world heritage site buildings including the Cathedral of Sagrada Familia. Refurbishment of public spaces and galleries =rebranding
• Barcelona role of sport= 1992 Olympics= building of conference areas, business parks. Rebranding key to restoring Catalan pride and identity. Barcelona football club 2nd most valuable football club in the world and built up cities self belief. The clubs stadium is a flagship and brings 98,000 spectators a year.
• Role of business= 2014 given the title of European Capital of innovation by the EU.
• Raval district rebranding strategies:

  Flagships like Museums

  Gentrification-refurbishing Raval Ramba cost 5 million Euros.

  Issues with migrants that are wealthy causes a divide.
• a negative is that Barcelona has started an anti-tourist campaign. Limiting the amount of cruise ships that can visit and introducing a tourism tax.