1: urban issues and challenges

• What is urbanisation

  the proportion of the world's population who live in cities
• Why is urbanisation increasing

  -natural increase in population ( due to improved medicine and lifestyles there are more births than deaths)

  -migration mainly rural to urban migration ( due to opportunities, entertainment, education in urban areas)
• In most richer countries what % of the population live in cities

  Over 60%
• What % of the UK population live in town and cities

  82%
• What countries are expected to have the largest growth in urban population by 2050

  -India is expected to have an additional 404million people

  -China is expected to have an additional 292million people

  -Nigeria is expected to have an additional 212million people
• Why is there such a low rate of urbanisation in richer countries and instead there is evidence of counter urbanisation (going to rural areas)

  -expensive living

  -able to work from home

  -technological advancements

  -cleaner air so better lifestyles

  -an ageing population

  -environmental concerns
• What is a mega city

  A city with a population over 10 million
• What are the push factors of living in a Megacity

  -farming is hard and poorly paid

  -drought and other hazards cause crops to fail

  -few doctors and hospitals

  -poor harvests lead to malnutrition or famine

  -farming is often subsistence farming which means only growing what you need with nothing leftover to sell

  -areas are isolated due to poor roads and transport systems

  -no education or where there is education it is very basic
• What are the pull factors of living in a Megacity

  -more well paid jobs

  -public transport makes it better and easier to travel to work

  -there is a better chance of getting an education

  -higher standard of living is possible

  -better medical facilities
• What is rural urban migration

  the movement of people from the countryside to cities
• Examples of Megacities

  -Tokyo, Japan = 37.9million

  -Cairo,Egypt = 22.2million

  -Delhi,India = 32.9million
• Where are most megacities located

  Most megacities are located in south-east Asia with a few located on the outskirts of North and South America
• What are the three types of megacities

  Slow growing, growing and rapid-growing.
• Describe slow-growing megacities

  -located in South East Asia, Europe, North America

  -population is 70% urban and no squatter settlements (slums/favelas)

  -e.g. Tokyo, Moscow, LA
• Describe growing megacities

  -located in South America and south east Asia

  -40-50% of the population live in urban areas and less than 20% of these live in squatter settlements

  -e.g. Beijing, Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai
• Describe rapid-growing megacities

  -located in south-east Asia and Africa

  -under 50% of the population live in urban areas and more then 20% of these in squatter settlements

  -e.g. Jakarta, Mumbai, Lagos
• What factors lead to urbanisation and megacities

  -natural increase

  Cities tend to have better health care then rural areas so death rates are lower and life expectancy is higher

  -migration

  People migrate because of the pull factors such as better paid jobs and better education

  -location

  Many of the world's megacities are ports which are a good location for trade

  -economic development

  Cities that trade are a good place for businesses and this economic growth creates jobs which attracts people and it is the people who bring the ideas and enterprise on which cities thrive
• Where is Rio de Janeiro

  Rio de Janeiro is situated on the east coast of Brazil. Brazil is surrounded by 10 different countries in the continent of South America. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east of Rio de Janeiro and the city itself is very close to the city of São Paulo. The Brazilian highlands are to the north of Rio de Janeiro and the Amazon river and rainforest is to the north. Rio sits just north of the Tropic of Capricorn and south of the equator which passes through the very north of Brazil.
• Why is Rio growing

  Rio is the second largest city in Brazil

  Rio is growing to become a major industrial, commercial tourist centre

  -it attracts many migrants from Brazil and other countries

  - Rio is appealing for international migrants because South Koreans and China seek new business opportunities

  -Rio's industry attracts skilled workers from USA and UK

  -They speak Portuguese so people from Portugal also live in Rio
• Why is Rio important regionally?

  -The north zone of Rio contains the Tijuca National Park

  -The unemployment rate is declining

  -Rio has grown rapidly in the past 50yrs to become a major centre for industry, administration and tourist activities

  -The city has good infrastructure:

  =over 98% of urban population is served by water by the city's supply system, compared to the national average of 82.7%

  =over 75% of sewage volume produced is treated. In Brazil the average is 39%

  =99.3% of homes have waste disposal, compared to the national average of 87.4%

  -The main service industries in Rio are banking, finance and insurance
• Why is Rio important nationally?

  - Brazil's second most important industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil's GDP

  - 25% of Brazil's foreign investment occurs in the city of Rio

  -56% of Brazil's GDP is concentrated within a 500km radius around the city

  -The city is the largest producer of oil in Brazil and home to Petrobas (a Brazilian petroleum company). The city also contains the five industrial districts
• Why is Rio important globally?

  -The statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the seven wonders of the World

  -Rio is a major port exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore

  -As a result of migration Rio has a racially mixed population. Migrants come from afar to reside in Rio. Migrants come from Japan , South Korea and China seeking business opportunities. There are over 1.4 million Japanese living in Brazil making it the 2nd largest Japanese population outside of Japan

  -Rio contains two major airports.

  -Due to its scenery, beaches and famous landmarks it is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere

  -Rio hosted matches at the 2014 world cup and hosted the 2016 Olympic Games

  -The main manufacturing industries in Rio are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods
• How many zone can Rio be divided into?

  4 zones:

  North zone

  West zone

  Centro zone

  South Zone