Why women are favoured?

• What is the main focus of the learning objective in this study material?

  To evaluate gender and offending theories
• What do official statistics indicate about male and female crime rates?

  Males commit more crimes than females
• What percentage of convicted offenders in the UK are male according to Heidensohn (2012)?

  80%
• By age 40, what percentage of females have a criminal conviction?

  9%
• How much more likely are men to be convicted of murder compared to women?

  15 times more likely
• What do sociologists argue about the representation of female crimes in official statistics?

  They are less likely to be included
• What is Pollaks described chivalry thesis in relation to female crime?

  Women are treated less harshly by the CJS
• What do sociologists believe causes the differences in male and female crime rates?

  Social factors influence crime differences
• What are the three explanations for female crime mentioned in the study material?

  Sex role theory, control theory, liberation thesis
• What does sex role theory argue about the socialization of boys and girls?

  They are socialized differently
• According to sex role theory, why are boys more likely to commit crimes?

  They are encouraged to take risks
• What does Parsons argue about gender roles in the nuclear family?

  Men take the instrumental role, women the expressive role
• How does Cohen explain the socialization of boys in nuclear families?

  Boys lack a male role model
• What does the New Right perspective say about matrifocal families?

  They lead boys to crime for identity
• What does Heidensohn argue about women's behavior in a patriarchal society?

  It is conformist due to control
• How does patriarchal control affect women's opportunities to offend?

  It reduces their opportunities to offend
• What did Dobash and Dobash (1979) find about men's control over women?

  Men control women financially
• What is the impact of daughters being controlled by patriarchy?

  They develop a 'bedroom culture'
• How does fear of violence affect women's behavior in public?

  They avoid going out after dark
• What role does the media play in women's fear of crime?

  It exaggerates violence against women
• What is the glass ceiling in relation to women's crime opportunities?

  It prevents women from white-collar crimes
• What method did Carlen use in her study of female crime?

  Unstructured tape-recorded interviews
• What does Carlen argue about the majority of female offenders?

  Most are working class
• What are the two types of rewards Carlen identifies for working-class women?

  Class deal and gender deal
• What happens if the rewards from the class and gender deals are not available?

  Crime becomes easier for women
• What conclusion does Carlen reach about the causes of female criminality?

  Poverty and childhood experiences are key
• What does the Liberation Thesis propose about women's crime?

  Women will commit more serious crimes
• Who proposed the Liberation Theory?

  Freda Adler
• What evidence supports the Liberation Theory?

  Growth of girl gangs and fraud convictions
• What evidence contradicts the Liberation Theory?

  Female crime rose before liberation movement
• What does Batchelor claim about media portrayal of women and crime?

  It creates a moral panic about women
• What is malestream criminology?

  Focus on male crime, ignoring female crime
• How does the chivalry thesis relate to the criminal justice system's treatment of women?

  Women are treated more leniently
• What is double deviance in relation to female offenders?

  Women are punished more harshly for deviating
• What criticisms exist against sex role theory?

  It relies on biological differences
• What do feminists argue about gender differences in crime?

  They result from patriarchal control
• What is a limitation of Carlen's study?

  It has a small, unrepresentative sample
• What should be included in an evaluation of control theory?

  Evidence supporting and contradicting it
• What is the significance of the rise in female arrests for violent crimes?

  It indicates changing patterns of female crime
• How can the criminal justice system affect perceptions of female crime?

  It may lead to underreporting of female crime