Cell

• How many cells are estimated to be in the human body?

  20-30 trillion
• How many different types of cells are there in the human body?

  200
• Name some types of cells in the human body.

  Red/white blood, muscle, nerve, skin, bone, fat, stem
• Name some ways cells can become injured.

  Physical, chemical, biological, radiation
• Can cells repair themselves after injury?

  Yes, repair enzymes can reverse damage and repair DNA
• What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

  Acts as the control centre, housing DNA and coordinating activities
• What is the function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

  Generates ATP through cellular respiration
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  Involved in protein synthesis and modification
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Breaks down waste materials and cellular debris
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Sites of protein synthesis
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  Provides structural support and facilitates cell movement
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
• What is the function of vacuoles?

  Storage of nutrients, waste products, and other materials
• What is the process of cell differentiation?

  Unspecialised cells become specialised for a particular function
• What happens when cells are injured?

  They may adapt, undergo reversible injury, or irreversible injury
• What are benign tumours?

  Non-cancerous growths that do not spread
• What are precancerous (premalignant) growths?

  Cells not yet cancerous but with potential to become malignant
• What are malignant tumours?

  Cancerous growths that can invade and spread
• What is aplasia?

  Absence or defective development of an organ or tissue
• What is hypertrophy?

  Increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to cell enlargement
• What is hypoplasia?

  Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
• What is metaplasia?

  Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
• What is dysplasia?

  Abnormal growth or development of cells within tissues or organs
• What are the direct effects of ionising radiation on cells?

  Radiation interacts directly with DNA or other critical components
• What are the indirect effects of ionising radiation on cells?

  Radiation interacts with water to form reactive molecules that damage DNA
• What is a deletion mutation?

  Chromosome section is deleted
• What is a duplication mutation?

  Chromosome section is duplicated
• What is an inversion mutation?

  Chromosome section is inverted
• What is an insertion mutation?

  Chromosome section is inserted
• What is a translocation mutation?

  Chromosome sections are exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes
• What are the five distinct ways DNA damage can occur due to ionising radiation?

  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Insertion
  • Translocation
• What are the main types of abnormal cell growth?

  • Benign Tumours
  • Precancerous (Premalignant) Growths
  • Malignant Tumours (Cancer)
• What are the key features of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Acts as the control centre
  • Houses DNA
  • Coordinates cell activities
  • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores
• What are the key features of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Generates ATP through cellular respiration
  • Contains its own DNA
  • Involved in energy production
• What are the key features of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
  • Consists of flattened membrane-bound sacs
• What are the key features of lysosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Breaks down waste materials and cellular debris
  • Acts as the cell’s waste disposal system
• What are the key features of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Sites of protein synthesis
  • Can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
• What are the key features of the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell?

  • Provides structural support
  • Maintains cell shape
  • Facilitates cell movement and division
  • Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments