Cell

• Who demonstrated that moving charges produce a magnetic influence?

  Oersted
• What did Maxwell's equations describe about electric and magnetic fields?

  They propagate perpendicularly at 90 degrees
• Why can electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum?

  No medium is needed for EM waves
• What is the speed of light and all EM waves in the spectrum?

  $3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$
• What is the relationship between the energy of an electromagnetic wave and its frequency?

  Energy is directly proportional to frequency

  
• Why do higher frequency waves like X-rays carry more energy?

  Higher frequency waves have more energy
• Who first provided the practical implementation of radio waves?

  Guglielmo Marconi
• Why are microwaves used for satellite communication?

  They pass easily through haze, rain, and smoke
• Who discovered infrared light?

  William Herschel
• Why can infrared waves detect objects that are too cool to emit visible light?

  Infrared waves are emitted by cooler objects
• What is the range of electromagnetic radiation that humans can see?

  Visible light
• Why is UV light used in medical practices?

  It can kill bacteria and create fluorescent effects
• Who accidentally discovered X-rays?

  Röntgen
• Why are X-rays used to identify broken bones?

  X-rays are absorbed by dense structures like bones
• What type of radiation has the smallest wavelength and the most energy?

  Gamma rays
• Why are gamma rays used in cancer treatment?

  They can kill cancer cells
• What types of radiation are considered ionizing radiation?

  UV waves, X-rays, and gamma rays

  
• Why can ionizing radiation cause mutations in genes?

  It can add or remove electrons from molecules
• Who demonstrated the double-slit experiment?

  Thomas Young
• What does the interference pattern in the double-slit experiment demonstrate?

  Light behaves as a wave

  
• What did Newton propose about the nature of light?

  Light consists of small, discrete particles
• What is a photon?

  A quantized packet of electromagnetic energy
• What is the relationship between photon energy and frequency?

  They are directly proportional
• What does the single-particle version of the double-slit experiment demonstrate?

  Light exhibits both wave and particle properties

  
• What are the two main types of particulate radiation?

  Alpha and Beta particles
• Why do alpha particles have high ionizing power?

  They are heavy and unstable
• What is an example of a beta-minus decay source?

  Carbon-14

  
• Why are beta-plus particles used in medical tracers?

  They emit positrons that can be detected
• What are the key properties of a photon?

  • Smallest quantity of electromagnetic radiation
  • No mass
  • No electrical charge
  • Travels at the speed of light
• What are the main uses of different types of electromagnetic radiation?

  • Radio waves: Communication, GPS
  • Microwaves: Satellite communication, heating food
  • Infrared: Detecting heat, studying cool stars
  • Visible light: Photography, illumination
  • Ultraviolet: Killing bacteria, detecting forgeries
  • X-rays: Medical imaging, detecting broken bones
  • Gamma rays: Cancer treatment, medical tracers

  
• What are the key differences between alpha, beta-minus, and beta-plus particles?

  • Alpha: High ionizing power, heavy unstable nuclei
  • Beta-minus: Medium ionizing power, excess neutrons
  • Beta-plus: Medium ionizing power, excess protons

  
• What are the key findings of the double-slit experiment?

  • Light behaves as a wave, creating interference patterns
  • Single photons also create interference patterns over time
  • Demonstrates wave-particle duality of light

  
• What are the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body?

  • UV: Skin damage, increased risk of skin cancer
  • X-rays and gamma rays: Gene mutations, cancer risk
• What are the key properties of electromagnetic waves?

  • No medium needed for propagation
  • Travel at the speed of light
  • Energy is directly proportional to frequency
  • Wavelength and frequency are inversely related
• What are the key discoveries related to the electromagnetic spectrum?

  • Oersted: Moving charges produce magnetic fields
  • Maxwell: Equations describing EM wave propagation
  • Herschel: Discovery of infrared light
  • Röntgen: Discovery of X-rays
• What are the key differences between wave and particle behavior of light?

  • Wave behavior: Interference, diffraction, reflection, refraction
  • Particle behavior: Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, single-particle detection
• What are the key applications of different types of ionizing radiation?

  • UV: Disinfection, phototherapy
  • X-rays: Medical imaging, detecting forgeries
  • Gamma rays: Cancer treatment, medical tracers

  
• What are the key properties of particulate radiation?

  • Alpha: High ionizing power, heavy nuclei
  • Beta-minus: Medium ionizing power, excess neutrons
  • Beta-plus: Medium ionizing power, excess protons
• What are the key differences between electromagnetic and particulate radiation?

  • Electromagnetic: No mass, no charge, travels at speed of light
  • Particulate: Has mass, can have charge, travels slower than light
• What are the key properties of the electromagnetic spectrum?

  • Range of electromagnetic radiation
  • Speed of light: $3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$
  • Energy is directly proportional to frequency
  • Wavelength and frequency are inversely related