Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

• What type of pathogen is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  Bacterium
• What diseases are caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  • Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  • Reactivation/Secondary Tuberculosis
  • Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
  • Miliary Tuberculosis
• What is Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

  Infection of the lungs, often asymptomatic
• What characterizes Reactivation/Secondary Tuberculosis?

  Reactivation of latent infection causing chronic lung disease
• What is Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis?

  Infection spreads beyond the lungs
• What is Miliary Tuberculosis?

  Disseminated form affecting multiple organs
• What tissues are primarily affected by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  Primarily the lungs
• Where does the primary infection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis occur?

  In the pulmonary alveoli
• How is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis transmitted?

  Airborne via inhalation of droplets
• What are the risk factors for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection?

  • Close contact with infectious persons
  • Overcrowded living conditions
  • Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV)
  • Malnutrition, diabetes, smoking
  • Lack of access to healthcare
• What are common symptoms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  Persistent cough, fatigue, B symptoms
• What unique symptom is associated with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  Haemoptysis (coughing blood)
• What is observed in chronic progression of reactivation TB?

  Cavitary lesions visible on chest X-rays
• How do symptoms vary in extrapulmonary TB?

  Symptoms vary, e.g., neurological symptoms in meningitis
• What laboratory tests are used for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis diagnosis?

  • Microscopy
  • Blood Culture
  • Sputum culture
  • PCR
  • Full Blood Count (FBC)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Chest X-ray or CT scan
• What can cause false positives in TB testing?

  Prior BCG vaccination or exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria
• What can cause false negatives in TB testing?

  Immunosuppressed individuals may show negative results
• What are the public health risks associated with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  • High morbidity and mortality
  • Strong association with HIV/AIDS
  • Airborne transmission risk in crowded settings
  • MDR and XDR TB pose control challenges
• What are the treatment options for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

  • RIPE Therapy for drug-susceptible TB
  • Second-line drugs for drug-resistant TB
  • Supportive care for comorbidities
• What is the cure rate for drug-susceptible TB with treatment adherence?

  85–90%
• What are the outcomes for MDR and XDR TB?

  Poorer outcomes with prolonged treatment
• What is Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?

  • Resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid
• What is Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)?

  • MDR-TB plus resistance to fluoroquinolones and at least one second-line injectable drug (Lineszolid)