basics of binding energy

• What is the smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically?

  An atom
• What is atomic mass also known as?

  Atomic weight
• Why do electrons contribute very little to the atomic mass?

  Due to their extremely small mass
• What is the atomic mass roughly equal to?

  Number of protons plus neutrons

  
• What is the SI unit of mass?

  Kilogram (kg)
• What is the non-SI unit for atomic mass?

  Atomic mass unit (amu)
• What is one atomic mass unit (amu) defined as?

  One-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
• What is the mass of 1 amu in kilograms?

  $1.66 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$
• Which particle is slightly heavier, a proton or a neutron?

  Neutron
• What is the mass defect in an atom?

  The difference in mass corresponding to binding energy

  
• What does a larger mass defect indicate about an atom?

  It is more tightly bound and stable

  
• What is binding energy?

  Energy that holds the atom together
• Why is nuclear binding energy important in radiography?

  It determines the stability of atomic nuclei

  
• What role does electron binding energy play in X-ray production?

  It determines the production of characteristic X-rays
• What is ionization?

  Process of gaining or losing electrons
• What is an ion?

  A charged atom or molecule
• What is a positively charged ion called?

  Cation
• What is a negatively charged ion called?

  Anion
• What is ionization energy?

  Energy required to remove an electron
• Why do electrons closer to the nucleus require more ionization energy?

  They are more tightly bound to the atom
• What happens to ionization energy as atomic size increases?

  It generally decreases
• How does nuclear charge affect ionization energy?

  Higher nuclear charge increases ionization energy
• Why do successive ionization energies increase as more electrons are removed?

  Remaining electrons are more strongly attracted
• What is the electron shielding effect?

  Inner electrons shield outer electrons from nuclear charge
• How does electron shielding affect ionization energy?

  It reduces the ionization energy required
• What are the factors affecting ionization energy?

  • Distance of electron from nucleus
  • Nuclear charge
  • Number of electrons
  • Electron shielding effect
• What is the significance of binding energy in radiography?

  • Determines stability of atomic nuclei
  • Influences production of characteristic X-rays
  • Determines interaction of X-rays and gamma rays with matter
• What is the ionization process and its energy?

  • Ionization: Gaining or losing electrons
  • Ionization energy: Energy required to remove an electron
  • Ionization energy is equal to or greater than binding energy
• What are the typical masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atomic mass units (u)?

  • Proton: ~1 u
  • Neutron: ~1 u
  • Electron: ~0.0005 u
• What is the relationship between mass defect and binding energy?

  • Mass defect corresponds to binding energy
  • Larger mass defect indicates more stable atom
  • Binding energy is the energy holding the nucleus together

  
• What is the electron binding energy?

  • Energy with which an electron is bound to the nucleus
  • Determines the stability of the electron in its orbital
  • Important in X-ray production and interaction with matter

  
• What is the significance of nuclear binding energy in nuclear medicine?

  • Determines stability and radioactive properties of isotopes
  • Crucial for selecting radioisotopes in imaging techniques
  • Higher binding energy indicates greater stability
• What is the role of electron shielding in ionization energy?

  • Inner electrons shield outer electrons from nuclear charge
  • Reduces attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
  • Makes it easier to remove outer electrons

  
• What is the relationship between nuclear charge and ionization energy?

  • Higher nuclear charge increases ionization energy
  • Protons attract electrons more strongly
  • More energy required to remove electrons
• What is the effect of atomic size on ionization energy?

  • Larger atoms have lower ionization energy
  • Electrons are farther from the nucleus
  • Weaker electrostatic attraction
• What is the significance of the mass defect in atomic stability?

  • Mass defect corresponds to binding energy
  • Larger mass defect indicates more stable atom
  • Binding energy holds the nucleus together

  
• What is the significance of electron binding energy in X-ray production?

  • Determines the production of characteristic X-rays
  • Important in understanding X-ray interactions with matter
  • Influences the energy of emitted X-rays
• What is the significance of ionization energy in atomic structure?

  • Determines the energy required to remove an electron
  • Influences chemical reactivity and bonding
  • Reflects the stability of the electron configuration
• What is the significance of the electron shielding effect in atomic structure?

  • Reduces the effective nuclear charge on outer electrons
  • Makes it easier to remove outer electrons
  • Influences ionization energy and chemical reactivity
• What is the significance of nuclear binding energy in isotope stability?

  • Determines the stability of isotopes
  • Higher binding energy indicates greater stability
  • Influences radioactive decay properties