Module 2

• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The minimum distance to view objects separately
• What determines resolution in light and electron microscopes?

  Wavelength of light or electron beam
• What does magnification measure?

  How much larger an image is than the object
• How is magnification calculated?

  Magnification = size of image / size of real object
• What are the types of microscopes mentioned?

  • Light (optical) microscope
  • Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
  • Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• What is an eyepiece graticule?

  A glass piece with a measurement scale
• What is the purpose of calibrating the eyepiece graticule?

  To measure the size of objects accurately
• What is differential staining?

  A technique using multiple chemical stains
• What should be included in scientific drawings?

  Title, magnification, and annotations
• How do you calibrate the eyepiece graticule?

  Align stage micrometer with eyepiece graticule
• What is a stage micrometer?

  A slide with a ruler etched into it
• What is the function of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

  To create images by passing electrons through samples
• What are the evaluations of TEMs?

  High magnification, requires thin specimens
• How does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) work?

  Electrons scan the surface to create images
• What can be seen with a TEM?

  Details within organelles, like cristae
• What can be seen with a SEM?

  3D images of surfaces of cells
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Controls passage of substances in and out
• What is the structure of cilia?

  Hair-like projections from cells
• What is the function of cilia?

  Move substances in a sweeping motion
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  Double membrane with nuclear pores
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Site of transcription and DNA replication
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Double membrane with folded inner membrane

  
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is the structure of flagella?


  Whip-like structure for movement
• What is the function of flagella?

  For mobility and sensory detection
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  Stacks of membranes creating flattened sacs
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies proteins and lipids for transport

  
• What is the structure of lysosomes?

  Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Hydrolyze pathogens and waste products
• What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

  A network of fibers within the cytoplasm
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  Provides mechanical strength and stability
• What is the structure of ribosomes?

  Small organelles made of protein and rRNA

  
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis (translation)
• What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  System of membranes with bound ribosomes

  
• What is the function of the RER?

  Site of protein synthesis and modification
• What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  System of membranes with no bound ribosomes

  
• What is the function of the SER?

  Create, store, and transport lipids
• What is the structure of water?

  One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
• Why is water considered polar?

  Due to uneven charge distribution in the molecule
• What is hydrolysis?

  Breaking a bond by adding water