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Bio chap 4
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Cards (91)
What are enzymes?
Biological
catalysts
that speed up reactions
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What type of reactions do enzymes catalyze for growth?
Anabolic
reactions (building up)
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What type of reactions release energy from large organic molecules?
Catabolic reactions
(
breaking down
)
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What is metabolism?
The sum of all
reactions
in a cell
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What is Vmax?
The maximum rate of
reaction
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What does specificity of the enzyme mean?
Enzymes
are specific to particular
substrates
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What are the two hypotheses of enzyme action?
Lock and key
,
induced fit
hypotheses
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What part of the enzyme structure is the active site?
Tertiary structure
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What is the lock and key hypothesis?
Active site
is specific to the
substrate
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How does the lock and key hypothesis facilitate reactions?
It reduces repulsion between molecules
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What is the role of catalase?
Breaks down
hydrogen peroxide
quickly
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Why are substrates important?
All
reactions
need substrates supplied
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What form are nutrients often in?
Polymers
such as
proteins
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Why are extracellular enzymes important?
They break down large nutrients for
absorption
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How do extracellular enzymes work in single-celled organisms?
They
release
enzymes
into the
environment
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How do extracellular enzymes work in multicellular organisms?
Food is digested into smaller
absorbable
molecules
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What are examples of extracellular enzymes in human digestion?
Amylase
and
trypsin
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What are the steps of starch digestion?
Starch to
maltose
by
amylase
, maltose to glucose by
maltase
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Where is amylase produced and found?
Produced by
salivary glands
and
pancreas
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Where is maltase found?
Small intestine
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How does amylase reach its site of action?
Released in
saliva
and
pancreatic juice
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What type of enzyme is trypsin?
Protease
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What is trypsin's role?
Catalyzes breakdown of
proteins
into
peptides
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Where is trypsin produced and where does it work?
Produced in
pancreas
, works in
small intestine
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Why do enzymes lower activation energy?
They hold
molecules
close together for reaction
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What happens in the enzyme-product complex?
Substrate
reacts and
products
are formed
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What is the induced fit hypothesis?
Active site
changes shape as
substrate
enters
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How does bonding occur in the induced fit hypothesis?
Weak interactions
induce changes in
enzyme structure
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What are intracellular enzymes?
Enzymes that act within
cells
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What are
extracellular
enzymes
?
Enzymes that work outside the cell
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What are the factors affecting enzyme action?
Concentration
,
temperature
,
pH
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How does increasing temperature affect enzyme action?
It increases
kinetic energy
and reaction rate
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What does the temperature coefficient Q10 measure?
Rate increase with a
10-degree
rise
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What is usually the Q10 of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
2
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How does an enzyme denature due to high temperatures?
Bonds
vibrate and break, changing shape
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What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?
Highest
rate
of activity
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What are organisms found in hot areas called?
Thermophiles
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What is the optimum temperature for thermophiles?
70 degrees
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What are organisms found in cold environments called?
Psychrophiles
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What is the optimum temperature for psychrophiles?
5 degrees
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