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• What is the primary focus of Lecture 1 in the respiratory disorders course?

  Revise Gas Laws that influence breathing
• What is Type 1 respiratory failure defined as?

  Failure of oxygenation of blood (hypoxaemia)
• What characterizes Type 2 respiratory failure?

  Failure to remove CO2 from the blood (hypercapnia)
• What is the aim when addressing inadequate ventilation?

  Increase ventilation by adjusting O2 and CO2 levels
• What determines alveolar ventilation?

  Respiratory rate and tidal volume
• What is hypoxaemia?

  Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood
• What are the consequences of hypoxaemia?

  Causes tissue hypoxia and cyanosis
• What is the normal PO2 level in mmHg?

  100 mmHg
• What PO2 level indicates severe hypoxaemia?

  Below 80% saturation
• What can cause hypoxaemia?

  High altitude, lung disease, heart disease
• What is hypercapnia?

  Inadequate ventilation leading to CO2 retention
• What PCO2 level indicates hypercapnia?

  Over 50 mmHg
• What triggers reflex breathing in hypercapnia?

  Increased CO2 levels in the blood
• What is the relationship between CO2 and blood pH?

  High CO2 drives down pH, causing acidosis
• What is obstructive respiratory failure?

  Resistance of airways to airflow
• What diseases are associated with obstructive respiratory failure?

  Asthma, bronchitis, COPD
• What is restrictive respiratory failure?

  Damage to alveolar membranes
• What diseases are associated with restrictive respiratory failure?

  Sarcoidosis, acute interstitial pneumonia
• What is asthma characterized by?

  Airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation
• What percentage of the UK population is affected by asthma?

  8-10%
• What are the clinical features of asthma?

  Wheezing, chest tightness, cough, shortness of breath
• When do asthma symptoms typically worsen?

  At night or upon waking
• What relieves asthma symptoms?

  Inhalation of a reliever medication
• What can lead to severe asthma episodes?

  Worsening symptoms over hours or minutes
• What are the two major types of asthma?

  Intrinsic and extrinsic asthma
• What triggers intrinsic asthma?

  Viral infections and cold air shock
• What are common allergens for extrinsic asthma?

  House dust mites, animal dander, certain foods
• What is the main feature of allergic asthma?

  Reactive hyper-responsiveness leading to broncho-constriction
• What happens during the early phase of an asthma attack?

  Allergen binds to IgE antibodies, releasing histamine
• What is the role of eosinophils in the late phase of asthma?

  Attract accumulation and increase mucus production
• What can trigger asthma attacks over time?

  Nonspecific factors like cold air and exercise
• What is the normal pH of blood?

  7.4
• What happens to blood pH during hypocapnia?

  pH rises to ~7.6, causing alkalosis
• What happens to blood pH during hypercapnia?

  pH decreases to ~7.2, causing acidosis
• What characterizes respiratory acidosis?

  Increased PCO2 and decreased pH
• What characterizes respiratory alkalosis?

  Decreased PCO2 and increased pH
• What happens to blood gases during a mild asthma attack?

  Respiratory alkalosis with low PCO2
• What happens during a moderate asthma attack?

  Normal pH with decreased PO2
• What characterizes a severe asthma attack?

  Respiratory acidosis with high PCO2
• What is crucial to monitor during a severe asthma attack?

  PO2 levels to assess severity