early modern

• What time period does the study material focus on regarding crime in England?

  1500-1700
• What led to changes in the nature of crimes in early modern England?

  Social and religious changes
• How did the increase in population affect crime in early modern England?

  More people moved to cities searching for work
• What was a consequence of the end of traditional farming methods?

  Enclosure of land for exclusive use
• Who ruled early modern England during the period discussed?

  The Tudors and the Stuarts
• What was the relationship between religion and authority during this period?

  Religious changes increased crimes against authority
• What were the two main crimes against authority mentioned?

  Heresy and treason
• What was the Bloody Code?

  A series of laws punishing over 200 crimes
• How many convicts were transported to North America in the 18th century?

  Over 50,000
• What was the purpose of transporting convicts to North America?

  To remove criminals from Britain
• What was the significance of public executions during the early modern period?

  They served as a warning to others
• Who led the Gunpowder Plot in 1605?

  Robert Catesby
• What was the goal of the Gunpowder Plotters?

  To overthrow the Protestant government
• What was the punishment for the Gunpowder Plotters?

  Hanging, drawing, and quartering
• Why were the punishments for treason particularly harsh?

  It was seen as the ultimate betrayal
• What years did the witch-hunts peak in England?

  1645-1647
• Who was known as the "Witchfinder General"?

  Matthew Hopkins
• What were some reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts during the Civil War?

  Economic problems and social changes
• What types of evidence were used to convict people of witchcraft?

  Unusual marks and witness accounts
• What were the main punishments in early modern England?

  • Capital punishment (hanging, drawing, quartering)
  • Whipping
  • Branding
  • Transportation
• What were the reasons for the increase in crimes against authority in early modern England?

  1. Religious changes (Catholic to Protestant)
  2. Political instability and rebellions
  3. Increased scrutiny of the monarchy
• What were the social changes that contributed to the witch-hunts?

  • Economic problems during the Civil War
  • Increased suspicion of outsiders
  • Weakened local authority control
• What role did Matthew Hopkins play in the witch-hunts?

  • Promoted witch-hunting through writings
  • Employed to find witches
  • Used torture to extract confessions
• What were the consequences of the Gunpowder Plot?

  • Increased suspicion of Catholics
  • Harsh punishments for treason
  • Greater persecution of dissenters
• What was the percentage increase in the population during the Elizabethan era?

  35%
• Why did Elizabethans travel more during this period?

  Trade increased, leading to more travel
• What was the impact of Henry VIII breaking from the church?

  It caused significant turmoil in society
• What confusion arose during the Civil War between Parliament and the king?

  Both sides caused societal confusion
• How did the printing press affect society?

  It led to more education and information
• What act made poaching illegal in 1671?

  The Game Act
• What was the consequence of the introduction of enclosure for common land?

  People struggled due to loss of land
• What did the Vagrancy Act of 1547 do to vagrants?

  They were branded and sold as slaves
• Why did vagrants frustrate the public?

  They were seen as not seeking work
• What was the punishment for vagrants under the Vagrancy Act of 1601?

  Given wool to work or sent to corrections
• What led to an increase in smuggling during the Elizabethan era?

  Import duties on goods caused smuggling
• How did the government’s actions affect public reporting of smuggling?

  People benefited from cheaper goods
• What significant religious change did Henry VIII initiate in 1534?

  He created the Church of England
• What was the impact of the religious changes under Henry VIII's successors?

  It led to religious turmoil in England
• How many Protestants were executed under Mary I?

  Over 300
• What was considered treason during the reign of monarchs who were heads of the church?

  Not taking the Oath of Supremacy