HPV Word

• Who noted the appearance of a wart after an injury in 1845?

  Chandler
• What did Waelsch demonstrate in 1917?

  Induction of a lesion differing morphologically
• What year did Ullmann note the accidental transmission of laryngeal papillomas?

  1923
• What did zur Hausen et al demonstrate in 1981?

  Genital warts contain HPV genomes
• What association did zur Hausen et al find in 1983?

  Association between cervical cancer and HPVs
• What type of viruses are papillomaviruses?

  Small non-enveloped dsDNA viruses
• What is the diameter of the papillomavirus capsid?

  55 nm
• How many different human papillomavirus types exist?

  Over 200

  
• What are the common manifestations of HPV infection?

  Warts (condyloma)
• What is the primary association of HPVs?

  Highly associated with cervical cancer
• What makes diagnosis and management of HPV challenging?

  Infection is often asymptomatic
• In what type of cells can HPV live?

  Squamous epithelial cells

  
• What are the two major phylogenetic branches of HPV?

  Cutaneous and mucosal

  
• What type of epithelium do cutaneous HPVs infect?

  Keratinised squamous epithelium

  
• What type of epithelium do mucosal HPVs infect?

  Non-keratinised squamous epithelium

  
• How are different types of HPV identified?

  By numbers and infection site

  
• What are common areas for cutaneous HPV warts?

  Hands, feet, arms, and legs
• What are mucosal HPV types also called?

  Genital (or anogenital) HPV types
• What are low-risk mucosal HPV types known for?

  Causing genital warts, rarely cancer
• Which HPV types are considered low-risk?

  HPV 6 and HPV 11

  
• What do high-risk mucosal HPV types often cause?

  Cancer
• Which HPV types are examples of high-risk types?

  HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 33, HPV 42

  
• What is the structure of the papillomavirus genome?

  Circular genome associated with histones

  
• What is the role of E1 and E2 proteins in HPV?

  Regulating viral DNA transcription and replication
• What does the E6 protein do?

  Activates p53 degradation
• What is the function of the E7 protein?

  Inactivates pRb tumor suppressors
• What is the role of the L1 protein?

  Major capsid protein
• What does the LCR contain?

  Regulatory elements for viral genome replication
• How does HPV enter the body?

  Through micro-abrasion/trauma in epithelia
• What receptors does HPV bind to during infection?

  Heparan sulphate receptors and alpha-6 integrin
• What is an episome?

  A plasmid that remains part of the genome
• What is the role of E6 and E7 oncoproteins?

  Drive cell proliferation
• What occurs during genome amplification in HPV?

  Increase in viral genome copy number
• How are mature virions released from HPV-infected cells?

  Through natural epithelial turnover

  
• What characterizes a persistent HPV infection?

  Not cleared by the immune system
• What is required for a persistent infection diagnosis?

  Detection of same HPV type on multiple occasions
• What defines a latent HPV infection?

  Presence of HPV DNA without virion production
• What are the steps in the HPV lifecycle?

  1. Initial infection through micro-abrasion
  2. Binding to heparan sulphate receptors
  3. Internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis
  4. Early phase: DNA replication and oncoprotein expression
  5. Genome amplification in differentiating cells
  6. Late phase: capsid protein expression and virion assembly
  7. Release of mature virions through epithelial turnover

  
• What are the roles of early and late genes in HPV?

  • Early genes (E): Non-structural, regulate transcription and replication
  • Late genes (L): Structural, form capsid proteins
• What are the characteristics of low-risk and high-risk HPV types?

  • Low-risk types (e.g., HPV 6, 11): Cause genital warts, rarely cancer
  • High-risk types (e.g., HPV 16, 18): Can cause cancer, evade immune system