Paper 1

• What is the focus of AQA GCSE biology paper 1?

  Cells, organization, infection, and bioenergetics
• What types of biology does the AQA GCSE cover?

  Higher, foundation, double combined, and triple biology
• What can we see with a normal light microscope?

  Cells and possibly the nucleus
• What does an electron microscope allow us to see?

  Finer details of organelles
• What is the formula for calculating magnification?

  Magnification = image size / object size
• How do you calculate the actual size of a cell?

  Divide image size by magnification
• What are the two main groups of cells?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What do eukaryotic cells contain?

  A nucleus where DNA is found
• What do prokaryotic cells lack?

  A nucleus
• What do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain?

  Similar organelles or subcellular structures
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Keeps everything inside the cell
• What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?

  Allows certain substances to pass through
• What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides rigidity?

  An extra cell wall made of cellulose
• What is cytoplasm?

  The liquid where most chemical reactions occur
• Where does respiration take place in a cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Where proteins are assembled or synthesized
• What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?

  Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  Sap
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By binary fission
• What technique is used to produce a culture on agar in a petri dish?

  Aseptic technique
• Why do we lift the lid of the dish towards a flame?

  To move microbes away and destroy them
• What do we use to hold the lid on a petri dish?

  A few bits of tape
• Why must air get into the petri dish?

  For bacteria to respire aerobically
• At what temperature do we incubate the culture?

  25 degrees Celsius
• How do we calculate the area of the culture?

  Using $\pi r^2$ or $\frac{p d^2}{4}$
• What do eukaryotic cell nuclei contain?

  DNA stored in chromosomes
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• What type of cells are gametes?

  Haploid cells
• What process do new cells undergo for growth and repair?

  Mitosis
• What happens during the mitosis process?

  Chromosomes are duplicated and separated
• What are stem cells?

  Cells that haven't yet specialized
• Where are stem cells found in humans?

  In embryos and bone marrow
• What can stem cells be used for?

  To combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
• What are the ethical considerations of cloning?

  Weighing the benefits against potential horrors
• What is diffusion?

  Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
• What is passive transport?

  Movement that does not require energy
• What is osmosis?

  Diffusion of water across a membrane
• What happens when there is a higher concentration of glucose outside a cell?

  Water moves out of the cell
• How can the rate of diffusion and osmosis be increased?

  By increasing concentration difference, temperature, or surface area
• What is the practical method for osmosis using potatoes?

  Cut cylinders, weigh, and place in sugar solutions