smoking

• learning

  . initiation= vicarious reinforcement and role models

  . maintenance= negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement

  . relapse= conditioned cues and self efficacy
• strength of biological- research into nicotine regulation, low cigarette nicotine level- heavy smokers smoked more. proves nicotine regulation
• weakness of biological- chippers prove not all smokers regulate their nicotine levels
• biological-

  .initiation= genetic predisposition and dopamine levels

  .maintenance= dopamine response, nicotine regulation and tolerance

  .relapse= withdrawal
• strength learning- practical application to stop positive reinforcement like drug treatments- antagonists. aversion therapy

  research support for conditioned cues- heavy smokers response more to cues and reported more cravings
• weakness learning- research into role models. teens smoke without role models and not all people with smoking models smoke. means it ignores other factors like cognitions
• initation

  • genetic predisposition-> inherit a gene that makes smoking addiction likely
  • Dopamine-> nicotine binds with dopamine in the ventral tegmental area, this stimulates release of dopamine in the nucleus acumbus, then dopamine is released in frontal cortex
• initiation

  • vicarious reinforcement-> observe models and consequences
• maintenance

  • negative reinforcement-> avoid withdrawal

  • positive reinforcement-> dopamine release and praise

  Both of these reinforcements make it more likely that the addict is going to maintain the smoking addiction
• maintenance

  • Dopamine receptors-> pleasure

  • nicotine regulation-> regulate level of nicotine in blood= keeps dopamine levels to avoid withdrawal

  • tolerance-> need high nicotine for original pleasure
• relapse

  • conditioned cues-> the cue triggers dopamine release-craving-likely to give in

  • self efficacy-> low SE= likely to relapse
• relapse

  • withdrawal— unpleasant