Biopsych

• What do complex organisms need to protect their brain?

  Something to protect their brain
• What does aponeurosis act as for flat bone muscles?

  Tendons
• What does pericranium cover?

  All the bones in the body
• Why is the brain encased in bone?

  To provide protection
• What is the outer layer of the meninges called?

  Dura mater
• What is the function of the dura mater?

  Acts as a major line of defense
• What does the arachnoid mater provide for the brain?

  Space for movement
• What is the characteristic of the pia mater?

  Tender, fine, and waterproof
• Where do blood vessels travel in relation to the meninges?

  Between the arachnoid and pia mater
• What does the dura mater create between the two hemispheres?

  A fissure
• What are the three purposes of the dura mater's structure?

  • Leaves spaces at the top and bottom
  • Creates sagittal sinuses for blood drainage
  • Provides metabolic support for the brain
• What percentage of body mass does the brain represent?

  7%
• What percentage of oxygen does the brain consume?

  25%
• Which part of the brain uses 90% of the oxygen?

  The cortex
• What happens if there is a reduction in blood flow to the cortex?

  It becomes sensitive to changes
• What is the last demanding area of the brain?

  The brain stem
• What is the cerebral blood supply system called?

  • Circle of Willis
  • Anterior system from internal carotid arteries
  • Posterior communicating arteries
• What is the function of the arteries in the circle of Willis?

  To provide redundancy and backup flow
• How does the anastomosis in the circle of Willis function?


  Connects arteries for blood flow compensation
• What does the circle of Willis allow for in terms of blood flow?


  Flow in any direction
• What is movement defined as?

  Changing position in space
• What is required for voluntary control of movement?

  A goal to achieve
• How is information used to achieve movement goals?

  Current or previous information is used
• What is transformed into muscle contraction for movement?

  Movement is transformed into muscle contraction
• What are monosynaptic stretch reflexes (MSR) important for?

  Quick contraction of stimuli
• What do postural MSRs respond to?

  When we stumble
• What happens when you startle?

  Multiple muscle groups get activated
• What are the two strategies to control movement?

  • Feedback control
  • Feedforward control
• What does feedback control involve?

  Monitoring inputs by sensory systems
• What is a limitation of feedback control?

  Slow movement and sequential actions
• How does feedforward control work?

  Predicts optimal movement from sensory conditions
• Give an example of feedforward control.

  Walking on snow and ice
• Where does the initiation of movement begin?

  Potential parietal cortex
• What does the potential parietal cortex process?

  Where an object or effector is in space
• What role does the prefrontal cortex play?

  Helps make decisions for actions
• What do premotor areas prepare?

  The required motor sequence for action
• What does the primary motor cortex control?

  The required muscle contraction and relaxation
• What is somatotopic organization in the motor cortex?

  Organization in terms of effectors
• When did mapping of motor areas begin?

  Around the 1950s
• What is cortical magnification?

  Mapping areas of the motor cortex