Intro to organic

• What does the empirical formula represent?

  Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
• What does the molecular formula indicate?

  Actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  Algebraic formula for homologous series
• What does a structural formula show?

  Atoms carbon by carbon with attached groups
• What is a displayed formula?

  Shows every atom and every bond in the molecule
• What does a skeletal formula represent?

  Bonds of carbon skeleton with functional groups
• What defines a homologous series in organic chemistry?

  • Same general formula
  • Same functional group
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Gradation in physical properties
  • Difference in molecular formula is CH2
• What is the suffix for alkenes?

  -ene
• What is the suffix for alcohols?

  -ol
• What is the suffix for aldehydes?

  -al
• What is the suffix for ketones?

  -one
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

  -oic acid
• What is the suffix for nitriles?

  -nitrile
• What is the suffix for amines?

  -amine
• What is the suffix for amides?

  -amide
• What is the suffix for esters?

  -oate
• What is the prefix for cycloalkanes?

  cyclo-
• What is the prefix for branched alkanes?

  alkyl-
• What are the general rules for naming organic compounds?

  • Count the longest continuous carbon chain
  • Main functional group gives the suffix
  • Number the carbon where the branch is
  • Use alphabetical order for side chains
  • Use di, tri, tetra for identical side chains
  • Commas separate numbers of same functional group
  • Order of precedence for functional groups
• What is the order of precedence for functional groups?

  Carboxylic acid, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, amine, alkene, haloalkane
• Where is the nitrile functional group located?

  Always at the end of a chain
• How do you identify primary amines?

  N has 2 H’s, at the end of chain
• How do you identify secondary amines?

  N has 1 H, in chain between two C’s
• How do you identify tertiary amines?

  N attached to 3 C’s, surrounded by chains
• Where is the amide functional group located?

  Always at the end of chains
• What are isomers?

  Same molecular formula, different arrangements of atoms
• What are the two types of isomers?

  • Structural isomers
  • Stereoisomers
• What are structural isomers?

  Same molecular formula, different structure of atoms
• What are chain isomers?

  Structural isomers with same molecular formula, different carbon skeleton arrangement
• What are positional isomers?

  Structural isomers with same molecular formula, different positions of same functional groups
• What are functional group isomers?

  Structural isomers with same molecular formula, different functional groups
• What are E/Z isomers?

  Stereoisomers with different groups attached to both ends of C=C, with restricted rotation
• What does the E designation indicate in E/Z isomerism?

  Highest priority groups on different sides
• What does the Z designation indicate in E/Z isomerism?

  Highest priority groups on the same side
• What is the nature of the pi bond in alkenes?

  Double bond cannot rotate, restricted rotation
• What does a curly arrow represent in a mechanism?

  The movement of a pair of electrons
• How do curly arrows indicate bond breaking?

  Electrons move from a bond to an atom
• What is the priority based on in CIP rules?

  Atomic number of the first element bonded
• How do you determine priority when two atoms have the same atomic number?

  Look at the next atom down the chain
• What are stereoisomers?

  Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space