Common Assault

• Common assault covers both assault and battery

  Lyndsey
• A positive act could be: verbal/written words

  Contstanza
• A positive act could be: silent phone calls

  Ireland
• A positive act could be: spitting with or without violence

  Misalati
• 'Apprehending violence' can be a general awareness of immediate violence

  Smith
• Fear can arise from a fake pistol

  Logdon
• Fear cannot arise from pointing a gun at someone who knows it's not loaded

  Lamb
• Words can negate a threat if they indictate no violence

  Savage
• There is no need for actual violence

  Ireland
• Racist letters threatening bombing is enough to cause fear of immediate unlawful violence

  Ramos
• MR can be subjective recklessness

  Cunningham, Logdon
• MR can be direct intent

  Mohan
• Battery can be 'any touch, however slight' if it goes beyond everyday conduct

  Collins
• Battery can be an indirect act

  DPP v K
• Battery can be a continuing act

  Fagan
• Battery can be an omission

  Santa-Bermudez