renal system

• function :

  • Excretion of waste products of cell metabolism.  Mainly urea.​
  • Regulating the amount of water in the body – Osmoregulation.​
  • Regulating the amount of salt in the body.​
  • Regulating the pH (acidity) of the blood.​
  • An endocrine organ​
  • Regulates Blood Pressure.​
• What is the primary function of the kidneys?

  Filter and clean the blood
• What do the kidneys filter from the blood?

  Waste products and excess fluids
• What do the kidneys regulate in the body?

  Electrolyte balance
• How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

  By filtering waste and excess fluids
• What hormone produced by the kidneys helps regulate blood pressure?

  Renin
• How does renin help regulate blood pressure?

  By constricting blood vessels and increasing fluid and salt
• What hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production?

  Erythropoietin
• How do the kidneys help maintain the body’s acid-base balance?

  By removing excess acid from the blood
• What do the kidneys excrete excess acid as?

  Urine
• How do the kidneys regulate the body’s fluid balance?

  By adjusting the amount of urine produced
• What are the key roles of the kidneys in the body?

  • Filter and clean the blood
  • Regulate electrolyte balance
  • Produce hormones (renin and erythropoietin)
  • Maintain acid-base balance
  • Regulate fluid balance
• How do the kidneys contribute to the circulatory system?

  • Regulate blood volume and blood pressure
  • Filter waste products and excess fluids
  • Produce hormones that help regulate blood pressure and red blood cell production
• What are the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys?

  • Renin: Regulates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing fluid and salt
  • Erythropoietin: Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
• How do the kidneys maintain the body’s acid-base balance?

  • Remove excess acid from the blood
  • Excrete excess acid in the urine
• How do the kidneys regulate the body’s fluid balance?

  • Adjust the amount of urine produced based on the body’s needs
• What is the name of the structure that surrounds the capillary knot in a nephron?

  Bowman's capsule
• How is high pressure created in the capillary knot of a nephron?

  The capillary leaving the knot is narrower than the capillary entering
• What process occurs in the capillary knot due to high pressure?

  Ultrafiltration
• What substances pass out of the capillary into the Bowman's capsule during ultrafiltration?

  Water, salts, glucose, and other small molecules
• Which substances are too large to leave the capillaries during ultrafiltration?

  Proteins and blood cells
• What is the primary function of the rest of the tubule in the nephron?

  Selective reabsorption of glucose, some salts, and water
• What is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

  Selective reabsorption of water and sending urine to the ureter
• What are the key processes involved in the function of a nephron?

  • Ultrafiltration: Filtration of blood in the capillary knot
  • Selective reabsorption: Reabsorption of useful substances in the tubule
  • Collection and transport: Collection of urine in the collecting duct and transport to the ureter
• How does the structure of the nephron contribute to its function?

  • Capillary knot: High pressure for ultrafiltration
  • Bowman's capsule: Collects filtrate from the capillary knot
  • Tubule: Selective reabsorption of useful substances
  • Collecting duct: Final reabsorption of water and transport of urine
• If the capillary leaving the knot were wider than the capillary entering, what would happen to the pressure in the capillary knot?

  Pressure would decrease
• Why are proteins and blood cells not filtered into the Bowman's capsule?

  They are too large to pass through the capillary walls
• If a patient has glucose in their urine, what part of the nephron might be malfunctioning?

  The tubule
• What would happen if the collecting duct did not reabsorb water?

  Urine would be more dilute
• What are the consequences of a malfunctioning nephron?

  • Loss of essential substances in urine (e.g., glucose)
  • Inability to concentrate or dilute urine properly
  • Potential buildup of waste products in the blood
• What is the final destination of urine after it leaves the collecting duct?

  Ureter
• If a substance is reabsorbed in the tubule, where does it go next?

  Back into the bloodstream
• Why is selective reabsorption important in the nephron?

  To retain essential substances like glucose and water
• How does the nephron maintain homeostasis in the body?

  By filtering blood, reabsorbing useful substances, and excreting waste
• What is the role of the nephron in the excretory system?

  • Filters blood to remove waste products
  • Reabsorbs essential substances like glucose and water
  • Produces urine to excrete waste
• What is the name of the process by which water and small molecules pass out of the capillary into the Bowman's capsule?

  Ultrafiltration
• What would happen if the capillary knot did not create high pressure?

  Ultrafiltration would not occur effectively
• If a patient has high levels of protein in their urine, what part of the nephron might be damaged?

  Capillary knot
• How does the nephron ensure that essential substances are not lost in urine?

  Through selective reabsorption in the tubule and collecting duct
• Anti- Diuretic Hormone : The water content of the blood is controlled by a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ​

  Different amounts of ADH are released into the bloodstream by a gland in the brain according to the concentration of the blood plasma.