Final biology S2

• What is the purpose of vaccinations?

  To prevent infections from pathogens
• What is injected into a person during vaccination?

  A small amount of dead or weakened pathogen
• How do white blood cells respond to dead or weakened pathogens?

  They learn the shape and make antibodies
• What do antibodies do to pathogens?

  They attach and kill the pathogens
• What do white blood cells store in memory cells?

  The shape of the pathogen
• What happens when live pathogens enter the body for the first time?

  Antibodies kill them before illness occurs
• What is required for an effective vaccination program?

  The majority of people must be vaccinated
• What can happen if not enough people are vaccinated?

  Increased disease outbreaks may occur
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and destroying microorganisms
• What type of white blood cell performs phagocytosis?

  A phagocyte
• What do white blood cells do when pathogens re-enter the body?

  They recognize and make antibodies immediately
• What are the two main lines of defense in the human body?

  First line prevents entry; second line kills invaders
• What does the first line of defense do?

  Prevents microorganisms from entering the body
• What are some barriers in the first line of defense?

  Skin, mucus, stomach acid, and hair
• What triggers the second line of defense?

  Microorganisms entering the body
• What is the main aim of the second line of defense?

  To kill invading microorganisms
• What is the aim of the experiment on hand cleanliness?

  To find out if washed hands have fewer microorganisms
• What is the hypothesis regarding washed and unwashed hands?

  Unwashed hands will have more microorganisms
• What is the role of antifungal treatments?

  To kill or slow the growth of fungi
• What are harmful microorganisms that cause disease called?

  Pathogenic microorganisms
• How can microorganisms be spread between people?

  Through food, air, surfaces, and body fluids
• What are antibiotics used for?

  To stop harmful bacteria from reproducing
• Why can't antibiotics treat colds and flus?

  Because they are caused by viruses
• What methods are used for preserving food to reduce microorganism growth?

  • Pickling
  • Freezing
  • Drying
  • Canning
• How does pickling prevent microorganism growth?

  • Onions are pickled in vinegar
  • Low pH prevents growth
• How does canning prevent microorganism growth?

  • Meat is heated to high temperatures
  • Cans prevent microorganisms from entering
• What conditions do microorganisms grow best in?

  Nutrients, water, and warm temperature
• What is the significance of conducting multiple experiments?

  To ensure reliable results
• What additional factors do microorganisms need to survive and grow?

  Oxygen and suitable pH