Kingdoms of life

• What are the five kingdoms of life excluding viruses?

  Animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria
• Why are viruses considered the odd one out among living organisms?

  They are not classified as living organisms
• What type of cells make up eukaryotic organisms?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is a key feature of eukaryotic cells?

  DNA is found in a nucleus
• How do bacteria differ from eukaryotic organisms?

  They are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus
• How much smaller are bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

  10 to 100 times smaller
• What is the estimated number of animal species on Earth?

  5 to 10 million species
• What do all animals have in common?

  They are multicellular and heterotrophs
• What does multicellular mean?

  Organisms made up of many cells
• How do animals obtain energy?

  By consuming other organisms
• How many species of plants are estimated to exist?

  About 300,000 species
• How do plants obtain their energy?


  Through photosynthesis using sunlight
• What is a key difference between fungi and plants?

  Fungi cannot photosynthesize
• What type of nutrition do fungi primarily use?


  Saprotrophic nutrition
• How do fungi digest food?

  By secreting enzymes outside their body
• What is mycelium in fungi?

  A body made of thread-like hyphae
• What can some fungi be considered in relation to humans?

  Pathogens that can cause disease
• What do the terms protists and protista refer to?

  They refer to the same kingdom of organisms
• What is a common characteristic of most protists?

  They are unicellular organisms
• How do some protists obtain energy?

  By photosynthesis or consuming other organisms
• What is a well-known pathogen among protists?


  Plasmodium causing malaria
• What are bacteria classified as?

  Single-celled prokaryotic organisms
• Where can bacteria be found?

  Almost everywhere, including on skin
• How do most bacteria obtain energy?


  By feeding off other organisms
• What is the estimated number of bacterial species?

  More than all other kingdoms combined
• What is a common beneficial role of bacteria?

  Helping digest food in intestines
• How are viruses described in terms of size?

  Super tiny particles
• How many viruses can fit across a fingernail?

  Almost a million viruses
• What is the basic structure of a virus?

  A protein coat surrounding genetic material
• How do viruses reproduce?

  Inside living cells of other organisms
• What term describes viruses in relation to other organisms?

  Parasites
• What do all viruses have in common regarding their effect on organisms?

  They always cause harm to living organisms
• Name a virus that causes influenza.

  Influenza virus
• What virus affects tobacco and tomato plants?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• What virus can cause AIDS?

  HIV
• What virus is associated with COVID-19?

  COVID-19 virus
• What are the key features of the five kingdoms of life?

  • Animals: multicellular, heterotrophs, reproduce sexually
  • Plants: multicellular, autotrophs, use photosynthesis
  • Fungi: multicellular/ unicellular, heterotrophs, saprotrophic nutrition
  • Protists: mostly unicellular, diverse energy sources
  • Bacteria: single-celled, prokaryotic, diverse habitats
• What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?

  • Eukaryotic: have a nucleus, larger size, include animals, plants, fungi, protists
  • Prokaryotic: no nucleus, smaller size, include bacteria
• What are the characteristics of viruses?

  • Non-living particles
  • Require living cells to reproduce
  • Cause harm to host organisms
  • Composed of a protein coat and genetic material
• What are the roles of bacteria in the environment?

  • Decomposers breaking down dead matter
  • Symbiotic relationships aiding digestion in intestines
  • Some species can cause diseases