surgery

• What was the time period for medieval medicine?

  c.1250-c.1500
• Who were barber surgeons?

  They completed minor surgeries like pulling teeth
• Why did barber surgeons have skill and precision for surgery?

  They had experience from cutting hair
• What challenge did the church pose to medical scholars during medieval times?

  It made dissection of bodies difficult
• What were some problems associated with surgery in medieval times?

  Pain, germs, and blood loss
• What were common surgical procedures in medieval medicine?

  Bloodletting, amputation, trepanning, pulling teeth
• What was the time period for the Renaissance in medicine?

  c.1500-c.1700
• What continuity existed in the role of barber surgeons during the Renaissance?

  They continued to give haircuts and minor surgeries
• Who published 'Fabric of the Human Body' in 1543?

  Andreas Vesalius
• What did Andreas Vesalius do to study human anatomy?

  He dug up graves for dissections
• What did William Harvey discover about blood flow?

  Blood flows one way like a pump
• What theory did William Harvey disprove?

  Galens theory that the liver created blood
• What was the time period for the Industrial Revolution in medicine?

  c.1700-c.1900
• What were the three main problems in surgery during the Industrial Revolution?

  Pain, blood loss, and infection
• Who discovered chloroform as an effective anesthetic?

  James Simpson
• What was a significant risk associated with chloroform?

  It was fatal if given in the wrong dose
• Who was the first recorded death from chloroform?

  Hannah Greener
• How did Queen Victoria contribute to the use of chloroform?

  She used it during childbirth and loved it
• What did Joseph Lister use to reduce mortality rates in surgery?

  Carbolic acid
• What impact did Lister's use of carbolic acid have on mortality rates?

  Reduced from 50% to 15%
• What technique did Lister inspire that is still used today?

  Aseptic techniques for sterilizing equipment
• What is a key challenge that remained unsolved in surgery during Lister's time?

  How to prevent blood loss
• What was the time period for modern medicine?

  c.1900-present
• What significant discovery was made in 1895 related to surgery?

  X-rays were discovered
• How were X-rays used before World War I?

  To look at broken bones in hospitals
• Who discovered blood groups in 1900?

  Landsteiner
• What did Hustin discover in 1914 related to blood transfusions?

  Sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting
• What is keyhole surgery?

  Operations through small holes using cameras
• How is radiation therapy used in modern medicine?

  To shrink tumors and kill cancer cells
• Who set up a special unit for plastic surgery during WW1?

  Gillies
• What was the purpose of the special unit set up by Gillies?

  To graft skin and treat facial wounds