Pharmacology

• What is the role of receptors in pharmacology?

  They provide specificity for chemical signals
• What happens if a cell lacks the appropriate receptor proteins?

  The cell cannot respond to the signal
• What hypothesis explains the interaction between chemicals and receptors?

  The lock and key hypothesis
• What is affinity in the context of drug-receptor interaction?

  The strength of the drug-receptor interaction
• What are the four types of receptors mentioned?

  • Nerve-muscle sites
  • Nerve secretory organ sites
  • Nerve to nerve sites
  • Cells responding to hormones
• What can receptors mediate in the body?

  Muscle contraction and secretion changes
• What are transmitters in pharmacology?

  Signaling molecules that mediate responses
• How are hormones released into the body?

  Into extracellular space to travel to target sites
• What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

  Exocytosis triggered by Ca⁺⁺ influx
• What is the process of neurotransmitter release called?

  Exocytosis
• What are the three methods of neurotransmitter recovery and degradation?

  Diffusion, reuptake, enzymatic degradation
• Name a neurotransmitter that is a purine.

  ATP
• What distinguishes a hormone from a neurotransmitter?

  Hormones act on distant organs via blood
• What is adrenaline classified as?

  An important hormone
• What type of receptors are cholinoceptors?

  Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
• What type of channel do nicotinic ACh receptors form?

  Ligand gated ion channel
• What are the two types of glutamate receptors?

  Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
• What is the function of GABA receptors?

  Inhibit voltage gated Ca⁺⁺ channels
• What is a common structural motif of G protein coupled receptors?

  Seven hydrophobic transmembrane regions
• How do G proteins become active?

  By binding GTP instead of GDP
• What is the role of second messengers in signal transduction?

  They relay signals within the cell
• What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

  Agonists produce a response; antagonists do not
• What does specificity refer to in ligand-receptor interactions?

  Receptors interact selectively with particular ligands
• What is saturation in the context of receptor binding?

  The maximum capacity of receptor binding
• What is an example of a drug that blocks Na⁺ channels?

  Local anaesthetics
• What is the effect of aspirin on enzymes?

  Aspirin inhibits COX enzymes
• What are the types of drug action mentioned?

  • Drugs acting on specific proteins
  • Drugs blocking specific enzymes
  • Drugs inhibiting cell transport mechanisms
  • Drugs acting on ion channels
  • Drugs acting on invading organisms
  • Drugs with non-specific action
• What is the primary action of general anaesthetics?

  Induce loss of consciousness
• What is the focus of the lecture by Dr. Lorenzo More?

  Quantitative pharmacology
• What is the dose-response relationship?

  It describes the relationship between drug dose and response
• Who are the key figures associated with the receptor concept?

  Langley and Ehrlich
• How do chemicals produce their effects?

  By combining with specific receptor sites in cells
• What does the response depend on in receptor interactions?

  The number of occupied receptors
• What hypothesis explains the specificity of drug-receptor interactions?

  The lock and key hypothesis
• What does affinity refer to in pharmacology?

  The strength of the drug-receptor interaction
• What is the classical preparation used in pharmacology studies?

  Isolated ileum preparation
• How is muscle contraction detected in the isolated ileum preparation?

  By using a transducer
• How do you study the effects of a drug on receptors using an isolated tissue preparation?

  Investigate drug effects in an organ bath
• What is a graded response in pharmacology?

  A response that varies with drug concentration
• What is the purpose of using increasing doses of a drug in studies?

  To observe a particular effect