Microbiology

• How do bacteria contribute to the environment?

  Through nitrogen cycling and metabolism
• What is often used to characterize bacteria?

  Their metabolic processes
• What is microbial taxonomy?

  The classification and naming of bacteria
• How has sequencing changed the study of bacteria?

  It has improved classification methods
• What is an example of a common bacterium mentioned?

  E.coli
• Why is E. coli significant in the human gastrointestinal tract?

  It helps produce certain vitamins
• What can E. coli 0157 cause?

  Serious food poisoning
• How can the same strain of bacteria behave differently?

  Depends on the host and environment
• What diagram is commonly used to show different domains of organisms?

  A phylogenetic tree
• What is the significance of 16S rRNA in classification?

  It helps classify archaea and bacteria
• What does phenotypic classification focus on?

  Physical appearance and behavior
• What is an example of bacterial morphology?

  Bacillus shape
• What does polymorphic mean in bacteria?

  Shape changes with the environment
• What is gram staining used for?

  To categorize and classify bacteria
• What is genotypic taxonomy based on?

  The genome of the organism
• What is one method of genotypic classification?

  16S RNA sequencing
• Why is studying microbial diversity important?

  It helps predict bacterial behavior
• What is one environment where bacteria were found unexpectedly?

  International Space Station
• What does metagenomics allow us to do?

  Identify unculturable organisms
• What is the phylogenetic approach used for?

  To draw phylogenetic trees
• What is an example of a housekeeping gene in E. coli?

  Seven housekeeping genes
• Why is it important to understand the relationship between bacteria and their environments?

  It helps predict bacterial behavior and impact
• What role do bacteria play in various ecosystems?

  They contribute to nutrient cycling and decomposition
• Why is antibiotic resistance significant in bacteria?

  It affects treatment options for infections
• What is the impact of bacteria on human health beyond E. coli?

  They can cause various infections and diseases
• What historical context is important for bacterial discovery?

  Discovery and naming conventions of bacteria
• What methods are used for culturing bacteria in laboratories?

  Agar plates and broth cultures
• What are the implications of bacterial diversity for biotechnology?

  It can lead to new applications and discoveries
• What is the difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria?

  Pathogenic bacteria cause disease, non-pathogenic do not
• What is the relevance of bacterial biofilms?

  They protect bacteria and enhance survival
• How do bacteria contribute to biogeochemical cycles?

  They play roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition
• What organisms were identified at the International Space Station?

  Various organisms based on sequencing
• What method was used to identify organisms in the environment at the International Space Station?

  16S sequencing and metagenomics
• Where are many different organisms present in the ICU?

  In the operating room
• What is a clean room environment used for?

  Producing products that need to be sterile
• What does the presence of diverse organisms in supposedly sterile environments indicate?

  There is significant microbial diversity present
• What are the two sections of the genomic approach to studying organisms?

  • Phylogenetic approach
  • Functional approach
• What is the phylogenetic approach based on?

  Sequencing
• What is multi-locus sequence typing used for?

  To analyze housekeeping genes in organisms
• How many housekeeping genes are commonly found in E. coli?

  Seven