contemporary urban environments

• What does urbanization refer to?

  Increase in people living in urban areas
• What are some reasons for urbanization?

  Rural to urban migration and natural population increase
• What is a major problem caused by urbanization in the developing world?

  Issues with healthcare and education
• What is the expected urban population proportion by 2050?

  Two-thirds of the global population
• How many people lived in urban areas from 1945 to 2015?

  Increased from 0.7 billion to 4 billion
• Which regions are the most urbanized?

  North America and Latin America
• What is de-industrialization?

  Decline in manufacturing's importance in the economy
• What can lead to de-industrialization?

  Strong overseas competition and high prices
• What is decentralization?

  Outward movement of population and industry
• What does a service economy indicate?

  Increase in employment in services like healthcare
• What are the characteristics of suburbanization?

  • Extensive housing areas on city edges
  • Development on brownfield sites
  • Large private gardens and open spaces
• What causes suburbanization?

  Increased car ownership and public transport access
• What is urban sprawl?

  Outward growth engulfing nearby villages
• What is counter urbanization?

  Movement from larger urban areas to smaller ones
• What are some causes of counter urbanization?

  Rising demand for second homes and remote work
• What are the effects of counter urbanization?

  Rising house prices and commuter railway stations
• What is urban resurgence?

  Movement of people back into urban areas
• What are the three main causes of urban resurgence?

  Regeneration, rebranding, and gentrification
• What is the multiplier effect?

  One positive change leads to multiple benefits
• What are UDCs?

  Urban Development Corporations in the UK
• What was the purpose of UDCs?

  Restore derelict areas using private funding
• What are enterprise zones?

  Areas with incentives to attract businesses
• What is the aim of city challenge partnerships?

  Compete for funding to regenerate areas
• What is urban form?

  Arrangement of land use within urban areas
• How does urban form differ between developed and developing worlds?

  Developed has planned developments; developing does not
• What is the peak land value intersection (PLVI)?

  Economic core of the urban area
• What does bid rent theory explain?

  Land prices decrease with distance from CBD
• What geographical feature influenced the layout of historical towns?

  Rivers
• What does the term "planned developments" refer to in urban planning?

  Intentionally designed urban layouts
• What economic factor has become more important over time in urban areas?

  Land values
• What does PLVI stand for in urban economics?

  Peak Land Value Intersection
• How does distance from the CBD affect land prices?

  Land prices decrease as distance increases
• What theory explains the decrease in land prices away from the CBD?

  Bid Rent Theory
• What has caused the emergence of secondary land value peaks in suburban areas?

  Suburban office and shopping developments
• How do cities in the developing world typically develop?

  Around a central core
• What is a characteristic of gentrification in urban areas?

  Improvement of historical quarters
• What is a common issue in both developed and developing urban areas?

  Informal settlements
• What are the knock-on effects of economic inequality in urban areas?

  Poor health and higher unemployment
• What can gated communities lead to in urban environments?

  Social segregation
• What might happen in rural areas close to less attractive settlements?

  Population decline