depression

• What category of disorders does depression belong to?

  Mood disorders
• What is unipolar depression commonly known as?

  Depression
• What is bipolar depression also known as?

  Manic depression
• How many symptoms must be displayed for a depression diagnosis?

  At least 5 symptoms
• For how long must symptoms be present for a depression diagnosis?

  At least two weeks
• What is major depressive disorder characterized by?

  Short term but severe depression
• What does persistent depressive disorder refer to?

  Long term and recurring depression
• What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder associated with?

  Childhood temper tantrums
• What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

  A severe form of premenstrual syndrome
• What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?

  • Loss of energy & constant tiredness
  • Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping)
  • Changes in appetite affecting weight
• What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

  • Depressed mood and feelings of sadness
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Lack of pleasure or interest in activities
• What behavioral characteristics does Jessica exhibit?

  • Disruption of sleep (insomnia)
  • Aggression towards colleagues and husband
  • Low activity levels and loss of sex drive
• What emotional characteristics does Jessica display?

  • Lowered mood and sense of doom
  • Anger and lowered self-esteem
  • Feelings of worthlessness and a wish to be dead
• What cognitive characteristics does Jessica show?

  • Poor concentration
  • Feelings of guilt and worthlessness
• What behavioral characteristics does Kristen exhibit?

  • Restlessness and tiredness
  • Pacing the office and sleep disruption
• What emotional characteristics does Kristen display?

  • Lowered mood and lowered self-esteem
• What cognitive characteristics does Kristen show?

  • Negative thoughts about job security
  • Poor concentration in meetings
• What behavioral characteristics does Josh exhibit?

  • Sleeplessness and nightmares
  • Avoiding certain parts of town
  • Lowered activity levels
• What emotional characteristics does Josh display?

  • Emotionally flat and disinterested
• What cognitive characteristics does Josh show?

  • Negative thoughts and anger at the world
• How can Dai be considered abnormal according to statistical infrequency?

  His depression is very severe

  
• How can Dai be considered abnormal according to deviation from social norms?

  Living on benefits is unacceptable in his community

  
• How can Dai be considered abnormal according to failure to function adequately?

  He cannot get up or work

  
• How can Dai be considered abnormal according to deviation from ideal mental health?

  He has low self-esteem and lost independence

  
• What percentage of body weight loss is clinically significant for Oona?

  Just over 5%
• What are Jessica's behavioral, emotional, and cognitive aspects of depression?

  • Behavioral: Verbal aggression, sleep pattern changes
  • Emotional: Anger, lack of enthusiasm
  • Cognitive: Lack of concentration on assignments
• What is the main principle of the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

  Thoughts and beliefs cause emotional states
• According to Aaron Beck, why do depressed people feel the way they do?

  They have biased negative interpretations
• What maintains the negative triad in depressed individuals?

  Negative self schemas and cognitive biases
• What are cognitive biases in depression?

  • Focus on negative aspects
  • Ignore positive aspects
  • Distort information
• What is overgeneralization in cognitive biases?

  Assuming failure in one area means failure in all
• What is catastrophizing in cognitive biases?

  Believing one failure leads to total failure
• What are types of negative self-schema?

  • Ineptness schema
  • Self-blame schema
  • Self-evaluation schema
• What are possible causes of negative schemas?

  • Loss of a parent
  • Rejection by peers
  • Criticism by parents or teachers
  • Physical or emotional abuse
• What is the negative triad?

  • Negative view of the world
  • Negative view of the future
  • Negative view of the self

  
• How does a depressed person process information?

  They focus on negatives and ignore positives
• What is a healthy interpretation of negative events?

  • Bad things happen as part of life
  • Focus on potential positives
• How does a depressed person interpret being dumped by a partner?

  They feel worthless and hopeless
• What are the strengths of Beck's Negative Triad?

  • Good supporting evidence
  • Practical application in CBT
• What is a limitation of Beck's Negative Triad?

  • Blames the client rather than situational factors