forgetting: retrieval failure

• What is the main reason for forgetting according to the study material?

  Retrieval failure
• What was the procedure of the chewing gum experiment?

  • Learn word list while chewing/not chewing gum
  • Copy results table
  • Change gum or keep chewing
  • Recall words
• What were the three conditions for the chewing gum experiment?

  Mint gum, fruit gum, no gum
• How many words did participants recall with mint gum?

  7 and 18
• How many words did participants recall with no gum?

  8 and 12
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  • Memory forgotten due to different internal states
  • Influenced by mood or physiological state
• What drug was used in Carter and Cassaday's study?

  Anti-histamines
• What were the conditions in Carter and Cassaday's study?

  1. Learn on drug – recall on drug
  2. Learn on drug – recall without drug
  3. Learn without drug – recall without drug
  4. Learn without drug – recall with drug
• What did the findings of Carter and Cassaday's study indicate?

  Matching conditions improved recall
• What did Godden and Baddeley's underwater experiment test?

  • Context-dependent forgetting
  • Participants learned and recalled words in different environments
• What was the main finding of Godden and Baddeley's underwater experiment?

  No significant context-dependent effect in recognition
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  • Cues must be present during encoding and retrieval
  • Absence of cues can cause forgetting
• What are mnemonic techniques?

  Systems that assist in remembering
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  • Memory forgotten due to different contexts
  • Influenced by setting/environment during learning
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  • Memory forgotten due to different emotional states
  • Influenced by mental or physiological state during learning
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the studies mentioned?

  Strengths:

  • Real-life applications
  • Controlled experiments

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Artificial stimuli used
  • Tested extremes of context
• What are the two types of forgetting to know in detail?

  Interference and retrieval failure
• What is retrieval failure?

  A form of forgetting due to lack of cues
• What is a cue in the context of memory?

  A trigger to access a memory
• What types of cues exist?

  • Internal cues (mood/state)
  • External cues (environment/context)
• What is the significance of the encoding specificity principle?

  • Cues must match during learning and recall
  • Helps explain retrieval failure