CELL STRUCTURE (CELLS)

• What are the subcellular structures in a bacterial cell?


  Ribosomes

  Flagellum

  Cytoplasm

  Pili

  Plasmids

  Cell Wall

  Plasma Membrane
• What are the subcellular structures in a plant cell?

  Ribosomes

  RER

  SER

  Nucleus

  Plasma Membrane

  Golgi

  Vacuole

  Chloroplast

  Cell wall

  Mitochondria

  Cytoplasm
• What is an organ?

  A group of tissues working together to form a specific function
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  To break down waste and debris both inside and outside the cell.

  Helps with secretion
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  To absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis

  Light dependent reactions happen in the membranes of the thylakoids
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Involved in folding and processing of proteins

  Proteins are transported through the rough endoplasmic reticulum
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  Nucleus contain nucleoplasm

  Nucleoplasm contains molecules such as nucleotides and enzymes

  There is a nuclear envelope around the nucleus
• What is the function of a mesosome?

  Responsible for helping to create the cell wall between the 2 daughter cells during cell division
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis

  They translate mRNA into proteins
• What is the function of the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

  To store all the genetic information

  Needed for replication in binary fission
• What are the 3 domains?

  Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• What is binary fission?

  The process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce

  (asexual)
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  To provide the cell with strength and support

  Keeps the cell turgid
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  A cell where the DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus

  E.g. Bacterial cell
• What is the structure of the chloroplast

  Stacks of thylakoids (granum) increases the efficiency of light absorption

  Surrounded by a double membrane which controls what enters and leaves the cell
• What is the structure of a cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

  Made up of peptidoglycan

  Forms a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane
• What is virus replication?

  When viruses reproduce but require a living host cell to do so
• What does mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA stand for?


  mRNA - messenger RNA

  tRNA - transfer RNA

  rRNA - ribosomal RNA
• What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  A series of interconnected flattened sacs

  Consists of tubules and vesicles which increases the surface area for lipid synthesis
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration produces ATP from glucose

  Glycolysis produces small amounts of ATP
• What is the structure of DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

  DNA in a prokaryotic cell is a single loop of DNA

  Plasmids are extra chromosomal DNA
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesises lipids

  Detoxifies drugs and poison
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  Made up of a phospholipid bilayer which forms a partially permeable membrane.

  The partially permeable membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
• What is the structure of the capsule?

  It is tightly fitted around the cell

  Made up of polysaccharides or polypeptides
• What is another name for murein?

  Peptidoglycan
• Give some examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic : animals and plants

  Eukaryotic : bacteria
• What is the cell?

  The basic building block of life
• What is chromatin?


  A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
• What is the lytic cycle?

  When a virus infects a cell and makes many copies, breaks the cell and infects other cells
• What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells

  The cell wall in prokaryotic cells is made out of peptidoglycan rather than cellulose

  Prokaryotes contain the 70s ribosome and eukaryotes contain the 80s ribosome
• What is the function of the capsule?

  Prevents the cell from being phagocytosed

  Prevents desiccation and retains moisture
• What is the structure of the vacuole?

  Membrane bound sacs filled with fluid

  Membrane that surrounds the vacuole is called the tonoplast
• What is a bacteriophage?

  A virus that specifically affects bacterial cells
• What are the 2 types of viral replication cycles?

  Lytic cycle

  Lysogenic cycle
• What is the structure of plasmids?

  Circular loops of DNA

  Found free in the cytoplasm
• What is the function of a virus?

  To infect cells, but require a living host to do so
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Contains the nuclear envelope which has pores in it. This allows the selective entry and exit of substances

  Chromatin makes chromosomes

  Nucleolus makes ribosomes
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Inner membrane infoldings called cristae which increase the surface area for ATP production

  Matrix (cytoplasm) contains enzymes
• What are the subcellular structures in a animal cell?

  RER

  SER

  Plasma Membrane

  Mitochondria

  Golgi

  Nucleus

  Cytoplasm

  Ribsomes