Endocrine & homeostasis

• What are the two types of glands mentioned?

  Exocrine and endocrine glands
• How do exocrine glands deliver their substances?

  Through ducts to the target site
• What is an example of an exocrine gland?

  Salivary glands
• What is the function of endocrine glands?

  To secrete hormones directly into the blood
• What is an example of a hormone secreted by endocrine glands?

  Adrenaline
• Where is the pituitary gland located?

  Protruding off the bottom of the brain
• What is the pituitary gland known as?

  The 'master gland'
• What types of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

  Many hormones targeting various organs
• What hormone stimulates milk production?

  Prolactin
• What is the role of oxytocin?

  Stimulates milk let down and birth contractions
• Where is the thyroid gland located?

  In the neck
• What shape is the thyroid gland?

  Butterfly shaped
• What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

  The isthmus
• What is the function of thyroxine?

  Increases heart and respiratory rates
• What does triiodothyronine regulate?

  Protein synthesis and embryo development
• What is the role of calcitonin?

  Regulates calcium levels in the blood
• What are the adrenal glands?

  Pair of endocrine glands above the kidneys
• What are the two layers of the adrenal glands?

  Outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla)
• What is cortisol's function?

  Anti-stress and anti-inflammatory
• What does aldosterone control?

  Kidney function
• What is the pancreas's role in the body?

  It has important roles in digestion
• What type of gland is the pancreas?

  Both an endocrine and exocrine gland
• What are the islets of Langerhans?

  Special cells that produce hormones
• What hormone does the pancreas secrete to control sugar levels?

  Insulin
• What is homeostasis?

  Maintenance of a constant environment in the body
• What is the process called that maintains homeostasis?

  Feedback loops
• What are the three components of a feedback loop?

  Receptor, control, effector
• What does the receptor do in a feedback loop?

  Receives information about a change
• What is the role of the control in a feedback loop?

  Processes the information and sends instructions
• What is the effector's role in a feedback loop?

  Responds to the change detected
• What is negative feedback?

  Body works to counteract a change
• What is positive feedback?

  Body works to further increase a change
• What are examples of negative feedback?

  • Thermoregulation
  • Glucoregulation
  • Osmoregulation
• What are examples of positive feedback?

  • Blood clotting
  • Cervix dilation during birth
• What is glucose used for in the body?

  Cells obtain most of their energy
• How is excess glucose managed in the body?

  Stored as glycogen in the liver
• What hormones regulate glucose levels?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What happens if there is too much glucose in the blood?

  Insulin converts some to glycogen
• What happens if there is not enough glucose in the blood?

  Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose
• What are the mechanisms of thermoregulation?

  • Increased body temperature: skin blood vessels dilate, sweat glands activated
  • Decreased body temperature: skin blood vessels constrict, shivering occurs